91 résultats
17663306034En Madrid.: en la Imprenta de Antonio Perez de Soto. 1766. Hardcover. Cubierta deslucida. Good. 20 cm. 415 p. Encuadernación en tapa dura artesanal en plena piel con escudo dorado en cubierta. Rodríguez Mohedano Rafael 1725-1783. T. II con pie de imprenta de Francisco Xavier Garcia y fechas de 1768 y 1770 . Cubierta deslucida. en la Imprenta de Antonio Perez de Soto. hardcover
175317486PALMA: Antonio Guasp 1753. Primera edición.- 4º.- 1 hoja portada.- 16 páginas.- Rústica.- 1 lámina al cobre representando el escudo nobliario de la familia Damero y firmado en plancha por Fr. Alberto Burguny. Buena impresión con texto dentro de una orla xilogáfica. El ejemplar está falto de la última hoja. No en Bover Antonio Guasp unknown
1713M8171Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Holland.<br>Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 85x132 mm 3.35x5.20 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Benelux; unknown
17296061729. Chiaroscuro woodcut printed from two blocks in beige and olive with etching and aquatint on cream laid paper 11 1/8 x 10 inches 281 x 252 mm plate full margins with the text printing clearly below in olive ink. In very good condition with no visible defects other than one pinpoint sized spot of foxing on the verso left sheet center. Charles Nicolas Cochin père did the etching Vincent Le Sueur did the chiaroscuro woodcut. After a Drawing by Raffaello Sanzio. The supposed Raphael drawing on which the print is based is now identified as "school of" but the print remains as beautiful despite the re-attribution. The Cabinet Crozat was a collection of prints after drawings in the collection of Pierre Crozat then known as one of the finest collections in the world. Many of the prints which were by various hands were made in the unusual combination of etching with chiaroscuro woodcut superimposed upon it. In this case Cochin did the etching and Le Sueur the chiaroscuro woodcut. Registration must have been a problem but here at least the plate and the blocks are almost perfectly aligned. unknown
1713M8155Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 123x175 mm 4.84x6.89 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Greece Macedonia; unknown
1713M8139Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Holland.<br>Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 85x132 mm 3.35x5.20 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Benelux; unknown
1713M8138Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Sweden.<br>Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 104x141 mm 4.09x5.55 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Scandinavia Countries; unknown
1713M8134Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Gulf shared by Croatia Slovenia & Italy.<br><br>Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 100x178 mm 3.94x7.01 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276<br> Category: Maps Europe Balkans; unknown
1713M8990Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Caiazzo also Cajazzo is a city and comune in the province of Caserta Campania in Italy.<br><br>Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 125x175 mm 4.92x6.89 Inches Coloring: Hand Colored Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Italy; Maps City Maps; unknown
1713M8200Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 127x178 mm 5.00x7.01 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Italy; unknown
1713M8153Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 122x175 mm 4.80x6.89 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Italy; unknown
1713M8198Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 119x166 mm 4.69x6.54 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Italy; unknown
1713M8169Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 125x170 mm 4.92x6.69 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276<br> Category: Maps Europe Continent; unknown
177417011Rome 1774. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Good condition. Shaved within plate mark expert neat repairs to left margin one just affecting the image area. A stunning plate from "Logge di Rafaele nel Vaticano": with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the second part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. They were drawn by Gaetano Savorelli a Roman painter and draughtsman best known for his Raphael drawings and Pietro Camporesi a Roman architect who worked for Pope Clemens XIII and Pius VI on rooms for the Vatican Museum. The first to illustrate the famous frescoes these beautiful plates were probably planned as early as 1760 but were not executed until 1772 to 1776. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. They were remarkable not just for their size and magnificent colouring but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and did much to stimulate the taste for the "grotesque" in the Neo-classical period. A year after the death of his principal patron Julius II Raphael succeeded Donato Bramante in 1514 as the official Vatican architect. Having previously adorned the "Stanze" or chambers of Julius on the second floor of the papal apartments in the Vatican palace he was commissioned by Leo X in 1517 to decorate the adjacent Logge. He designed an elaborate cycle of ornamental frescoes for the room's ceiling vaults doors and auxiliary pillars which were executed by his assistants Giulio Romano and Giovanni da Udine. Twelve of the quadrilateral ceiling vaults were adorned with murals of familiar Old Testament scenes and one with a scene from the New Testament while the more decorative frescoes painted on the pilasters by Udine were covered with imaginative compositions of 'grotesque' motifs like foliage fruit and chimerical beasts. The biblical scene depicted shows the infant brothers Cain and Abel vying for their mother's attention. Adam is sowing nearby.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110 & 1111; cf. Berlin Katalog. 4068 & 4066; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 22; cf. "Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten" Coburg 1984 104 & no. 245. unknown
177217013Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Good condition. Three repaired tears to the left blank margin. Sight size: 31 1/8 x 18 1/4 inches. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. The whole series was of importance not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 17; Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
177217002Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Good condition. Trimmed to just within plate mark along lower margin expert repairs to left margin not affecting image area. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. The whole series was of importance not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 4; Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
177221936Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Trimmed to platemark left margin. Good condition. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. The whole series was of importance not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 11; Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
177217009Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Good condition. Trimmed to just within plate mark along lower margin expert repair to upper left corner just affecting image area small repairs to right blank margin. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. The whole series was of importance not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 5; Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
177217014Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Good condition. Sight size: 43 x 17 1/4 inches. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. The whole series was of importance not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 13;Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
177214588Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Ludovico Teseo printed in black with stunning later professional hand-colouring. Very good condition. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with later professional hand-colouring.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work and executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The whole series was remarkable not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 2; Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
177217012Rome 1772. Copper engraving by Ottaviani after drawings by Savorelli and Camporesi printed in light brown coloured ink with contemporary hand-colouring. Good condition. Sight size: 43 x 17 inches. A highly decorative print from the famous "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" series with contemporary colouring of the highest quality from the golden age of the hand-coloured print.<br/> <br/> A very fine image from the first part of a work titled "Loggie di Rafaele nel Vaticano" depicting the decorative work executed by Raphael and his assistants between 1518-1519 in the Vatican. This remarkable print one of the first to be published of the decoration of the Logge on the main storey of the Vatican apartments was probably planned as early as 1760 but was not executed until between 1772 and 1776. The project as a whole was carried out by the painter Gaetano Savorelli the draughtsman Ludovico Teseo the architect Pietro Camporesi and the engravers Giovanni Ottaviani and Giovanni Volpato. The plate is remarkable not only as the first important visual record of Raphael's work but also for the quality of the hand-colouring - the work on this image is in our opinion some of the greatest to be produced in Europe during the whole of the eighteenth century: the golden age of the hand-coloured print. The whole series was of importance not just for the size and magnificent colouring of the prints but also because of the influence they had on contemporary taste. The decision was made to "borrow" elements from Raphael's Vatican tapestries and insert them where the original frescoes were in too poor a state to be legible. The finished plates therefore represented an amalgam of design elements presented with a crisp freshness of colour that held enormous appeal and stimulated the taste for the "grotesque" in the neo-classical period.<br/> <br/> Cf. Brunet IV 1110; cf. Berlin Katalog 4068; cf. Lambert Pattern and Design V. & A.: 1983 p. 26; "Raphael Invenit: Stampe da Rafaello" 1985 Ottaviano 11; Raphael: Reproduktions-graphik aus vier Jahrhunderten Coburg: 1984 p. 104. unknown
175298901752. 343x244mm. 13½x9½". España c.1752-1761. Sanguina y pluma con tinta marrón oscura anverso; lápiz y carboncillo reverso sobre papel verjurado ocre amarillento. 343 x 244mm. El dibujo de "Cristo y la Samaritana" puede encuadrarse en la etapa romana o durante la primera estancia madrileña 1761 a 1769. La "Sagrada Familia con San Juanito" fue realizado por Mengs para su yerno Manuel Salvador Carmona entre septiembre y octubre de 1778. Será la primera obra de Mengs que Carmona convertirÃa en grabado. Referencias: "Dibujo español del Renacimiento a Goya. La colección de la reina MarÃa Cristina de Borbón" Zaragoza 2008 nº 66 pp. 240 y 243 unknown
1713M8165Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 60x112 mm 2.36x4.41 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276<br> Category: Maps Europe Germany; unknown
1713M8164Italy c.1713. Very Good. Notes: Crete Southern Greece in the Mediterranean. <br><br>Savonarola used the pseudonym Alphonsus Lasor a Varea. Monk of Theatine order who worked in the monastery library in Padua. He was also Professor of Holy Scripture. Universes Terrarum Orbis Scriptorum. Size : 97x175 mm 3.82x6.89 Inches Coloring: Black & White Reference: Mickwitz A.M. Miekkavaara L. and Rantenen T. The A.E. Nordenskiold Collection in the Helsinki University Library Volume 2 1981 pp. 269- 276 Category: Maps Europe Greece Macedonia; unknown