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Lehmann, CG and Day, GE (trans) C G G EBiblio.com

Works of the Cavendish Society: Physiological Chemistry Volume 1-3

BERZELIUS, JONS JACOB - ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTENT WORKS IN THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY- GERMAN VERSIONBiblio.com

Versuch die bestimmten und einfachen Verhältnisse anzufinden nach welchen die Bestandtheile der unorganischen Natur mit einander verbunden sind. Erste Hälfte. Zweite Hälfte. Erste Fortsetzung des Versuchs die bestimmten. Zweite Fortse.

181143628Halle Rengerschen Buchhandlung 1811 1811 1812. Without wrappers as published in "Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 37 Drittes u. Viertes Stück Bd. 38 Sechtes Stück Bd. 40 Zweites u. Drittes Stück. The entire issues offered 5 issues. With titlepage to vol. 37 38 a. 40. Pp. 233-480 a. 3 engraved plates. pp. 121-236 a. 2 engraved plates. pp. 117-348 a. 1 engraved plate. Berzelius's papers: pp. 249-337 a. 415-472.- Pp. 161-226. - Pp. 162-208 a. 235-330. The papers represents one of the first announcements of Berzelius' discovery of the fixed chemical proportions determining the weights and valencies of the various constituent elements in inorganic compounds. The papers were published at the same time in German both here in Annalen and in Schweiger's Journal and in French. By running many hundreds of analysis of chemical compounds he gave so many examples of the law of definite proportions that the world of chemistry could no longer doubt its validity and in so doing he gave experimental evidence to the atomic theory. He hereby laid a solid fundation for the further development of chemistry.According to Söderbaum Jac. Berzelius 2 p.12 "It was a giant work one of the most importent in the history of chemistry which was here presented. One is even more impressed when one remembers that it was a pioneer undertaking in every sense of the term. Analytic and synthetic methods existed before Berzelius' time to be sure but there were no precise methods of the sort which he required. They all had to be elaborated at the cost of time and labour."J. Erik Jorpes "Jac. Berzelius" p.45."In general Berzelius's efforts were directed toward the consolidation and extension of the atomic theory. He improved chemical analysis and determined the composition of a large number of compounds thus verifying the laws of constant and multiple proportions and furnishing the most accurate equivalent weights then available. By ingenious methods he arrived at the correct atomic composition of most common substances and thus was enabled to draw up in 1826 a table of atomic weights very nearly identical with the modern one."Leicester & Klicktein "A Source Book in Chemistry" p. 258.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1810-20 C. unknown

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KEKULE, AUGUST - THE REVOLUTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Ueber die Constitution und die metamorphosen der chemischen Verbindungen und über die chemische Natur des Kohlenstoffs.

185848805Leipzig und Heidelberg C.F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung 1858. 8vo. Later hcloth. Spine with gilt lettering. In: "Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. hrsg. von Friedrich Wöhler justus Liebig und hermann Kopp" Band CVI. With both titlepages. 8392 pp. a. 1 litographed plate shaved in outer margin ut not belonging to Kekule's paper. Entire volume offered. Kekule's paper: pp. 129-159. Internally clean. First appearance of this milestone paper in organic chemistry in which he demonstrated the mutual linking together of carbon atoms developed the idea of affinity units later called "valence bonds" and thus making it possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing large numbers of carbon atoms. This was "the final step in the development of modern structural formulas for organic compounds." Leicester & Klickstein p. 417"It was not till 1858 that a satisfactory theory of molecular constitution was advanced simultaneously and independently by thwo young chemists Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper. The theory of molecular constitution put foreward.by Couper and Kekulé rested on two main postulates the quadriivalency of carbon.and the capacity of the carbon atom for mutual linking or combining together to form a carbon "chain". By this hypothesis of the mutual linking together of carbon atoms - which waslater confirmed by experiment - it was possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing a large number of carbon atoms. On the foundation of their postulates two postulates moreover they showed how the molecular constitution or mutual linking together of the atoms of a compound could be represented diagrammatically and the relstions between different compounds made readily intelligible. In his classic paper "On a New Chemical Theory" the paper offered here in its first appearance advanced beyond Kekulé by representing the constitutions of the compounds by means of GRAPHIC FORMULA in which as at the present day the valencies pf the atoms are represented by lines.his formulae are similar to those at present in use."Findlay pp. 34 ff"The theory of Kekulé and Couper gave the chemists the means of solving the problems of chemical constitution; and by means of the graphic or constitutional formulae it became possible to represent the molecular constitution of known compounds and to foresee the possible existence of isomeric compounds."Findlay.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1858 C. - Ostwald's Klassiker No. 183. - Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry" pp. 417-425. - Exhibition of First Editions of Epochal Achievements in the History of Science Berkeley 1934. No 57. hardcover

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WOHLER, F und J LIEBIG - THE DISCOVERY OF "EMULSIN" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Ueber die Bildung des Bittermandelöls. Vorschlag zur Einführung eines neuen Arzneimittels anstatt des destillirten Kirschlorbeer- und Bittermandelswassers. Ueber Marcet's Xanthic-Oxyd. 3 papers all by Wöhler u. Liebig.

183743739Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1837. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 41 Zweites Stück. Entire issue No 6 offered. Titlepage to vol. 41. Pp. 225-448 a. 2 folded engraved plates. Wöhler & Liebig's papers: pp. 345-366 pp. 366-374 a. pp. 393-397. Clean and fine. First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which Wöhler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion the first example of a glycoside."The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler "are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science.The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry."Berzelius-Wöhler Briefwechsel."During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids he also carried out two importent investigations with Wöhler. In october 1836 Wöhler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar.Wöhler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and Wöhler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance "emulsion". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast."DSB VIII p. 342. unknown

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