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Faraday, MBiblio.com

The Chemical History of a Candle: A Course of Lectures Delivered Before a Juvenile Audience at the Royal Institution

BRODIE, BC - THE ATOMIC DEBATE IN CHEMISTRY - "BOOLEAN CHEMISTRY" B CBiblio.com

The Calculus of Chemical Operations; being a Method for the Investigation by means of Symbols of the Laws of the Distribution of Weight in Chemical Change. Received April 25 Read May 3 1866. Part I-II. I. On the Construction of Chemical Symbols. .

186643745London Taylor and Francis 1866 a. 1877. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" Vol. 156 - Part II a. vol. 167 - Part I. Pp. 781-859 a. pp. 35-116. Clean and fine. First appearance of both papers controversial as Brodie here tries to established a new chemical philosophy refusing atomism and founding the calculation of chemical processes on Boolean Algebra defining chemical symbols with mathematical terms and notations. The work is a remarkable attempt to set chemistry on a rational deductive basis. - The introduction in the second paper meets the main points raised by his critics."In 1866 the Royal Society began to publish Brodie’s "The Calculus of Chemical Operations" Philosophical Transactions 156 1866 781-859; 167 1877 35-116 which introduced Greek symbols for the chemical elements to replace the roman alphabet Berzelian symbols that contemporary chemists used to represent atomic weights. Brodie’s symbols however represented operations on space volumes not weights for besides its revolutionary symbolism the calculus also demanded an appreciation of George Boole’s algebraic logic which Brodie had studied after the publication of Boole’s Investigation of the Laws of Thought in 1854. In this an equation such as y = xy is a symbolic statement that y is a subset of x in which the symbol x is an operator on y. Although professional mathematicians like William Donkin and Henry Smith later advised Brodie it appears that he developed the system without professional help. The principal difficulty about the calculus for the present-day historian and philosopher of science is the need to explain it before going on to discuss it and the difficulty of giving any concise description of it. Boole had developed the concept of symbolic operators in algebraic analysis. These provided a code as to how the symbols were to be understood and manipulated. Brodie exploited this in the idea of a chemical operator or chemical operations that he symbolized by Greek letters. It is probably unwise therefore to interpret Brodie’s philosophy as analogous to Percy Bridgman’s later operationism. He proposed that if two substances with the empirically-derived weights x and y combined to form a new compound with weight xy then x y = xy. From such weight equations he constructed a symbolic algebra that bypassed any atomistic interpretation."William H. Brock in "Hyle Biography". unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark2 500,00 DKK≈ 335,75 €

COUPER, A - S(ARCHIBALD SCOTT). - INTRODUCING A NEW ERA IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Sur une nouvelle Théorie cimique.

185844228Paris Victor Masson 1858. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3e Series - Tome 53. 512 pp. a. 2 folded engarved plates.The entire volume offered. Couper's paper: pp. 469-489. Some scattered brownspots. First appearance of this milestone paper in organic chemistry - a shorter note was published in Comptes Rendus in June 1858 - in which independently of Kekulé Couper introduces the CONCEPT OF BONDS represented as a dash or a dotted line in chemistry and also observes the very importent fact that carbon atoms forms the backbone of organic compounds."It was not till 1858 that a satisfactory theory of molecular constitution was advanced simultaneously and endependently by thwo young chemists Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper. The theory of molecular constitution put foreward.by Couper and Kekulé rested on two main postulates the quadriivalency of carbon.and the capacity of the carbon atom for mutual linking or combining together to form a carbon "chain". By this hypothesis of the mutual linking together of carbon atoms - which waslater confirmed by experiment - it was possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing a large number of carbon atoms. On the foundation of their postulates two postulates moreover they showed how the molecular constitution or mutual linking together of the atoms of a compound could be represented diagrammatically and the relstions between different compounds made readily intelligible. In his classic paper "On a New Chemical Theory" the paper offered here in its first appearance advanced beyond Kekulé by representing the constitutions of the compounds by means of GRAPHIC FORMULA in which as at the present day the valencies pf the atoms are represented by lines.his formulae are similar to those at present in use."Findlay pp. 34 ff"The theory of Kekulé and Couper gave the chemists the maeans of solving the problems of chemical constitution; and by means of the graphic or constitutional formulae it became possible to represent the molecular constitution of known compounds and to foresee the possible existence of isomeric compounds."Findlay.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1858 C.The volume contains another importent monumental memoir MARCELLIN BERTHELOT "Sur la Synthèse des Carbures D'Hydrogene" pp. 69-208. Here he prsents his review of his work in organic chemistry during the previous ten years. "In his conclusion Berthelot argued that chemistry differed from a descriptive science such as natural history by being creative and that in this it resembled the mathematical sciences."DSB hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark6 500,00 DKK≈ 872,95 €

COUPER, A - S(ARCHIBALD SCOTT). - INTRODUCING A NEW ERA IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Sur une nouvelle Théorie cimique. Note présentée par M.Dumas.

185847569Paris Mallet-Bachelier 1858. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 46 No 24. Pp. 1121- 1173 entire issue offered. Couper's paper: pp. 1157-1160. A faint dampstain to right margins. First appearance of this milestone announcement in organic chemistry - a longer memoir was published in "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" later in the same year 1858 - in which independently of Kekulé Couper introduces the CONCEPT OF BONDS represented as a dash or a dotted line in chemistry and also observes the very importent fact that carbon atoms forms the backbone of organic compounds."It was not till 1858 that a satisfactory theory of molecular constitution was advanced simultaneously and endependently by thwo young chemists Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper. The theory of molecular constitution put foreward.by Couper and Kekulé rested on two main postulates the quadriivalency of carbon.and the capacity of the carbon atom for mutual linking or combining together to form a carbon "chain". By this hypothesis of the mutual linking together of carbon atoms - which waslater confirmed by experiment - it was possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing a large number of carbon atoms. On the foundation of their postulates two postulates moreover they showed how the molecular constitution or mutual linking together of the atoms of a compound could be represented diagrammatically and the relstions between different compounds made readily intelligible. In his classic paper "On a New Chemical Theory" the paper offered here in its first appearance advanced beyond Kekulé by representing the constitutions of the compounds by means of GRAPHIC FORMULA in which as at the present day the valencies pf the atoms are represented by lines.his formulae are similar to those at present in use."Findlay pp. 34 ff"The theory of Kekulé and Couper gave the chemists the maeans of solving the problems of chemical constitution; and by means of the graphic or constitutional formulae it became possible to represent the molecular constitution of known compounds and to foresee the possible existence of isomeric compounds."Findlay.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1858 C. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark4 500,00 DKK≈ 604,35 €

WOHLER, F et J LIEBIG - THE DISCOVERY OF "EMULSIN" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Sur la Formation de l'Huile d'Amandes amères. Emploi d'un nouveau Médicament en place des Waux distillées du Laurier-Cerise ou d'Amandes amères proposé par. F. Woehler et J. Liebig.

183748086Paris Crochard et Comp. 1837. Orig. printed wrappers. No backstrip. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." tome 64 Cahier 2 Fevrier 1837. Pp. 113-224. Entire issue offered with printed wrappers. Wöhler a. Liebig's papers: pp. 185-209 a. pp. 209-217. First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which Wöhler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion the first example of a glycoside. The papers were issued at the same time in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie"."The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler "are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science.The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry."Berzelius-Wöhler Briefwechsel."During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids he also carried out two importent investigations with Wöhler. In october 1836 Wöhler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar.Wöhler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and Wöhler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance "emulsion". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast."DSB VIII p. 342. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark2 500,00 DKK≈ 335,75 €

BERTHOLLET, CLAUDE LOUIS - PREPARING THE WAY FOR THE ATOMIC THEORY IN CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Recherches sur les lois de l'affinité. Suite des Recherches. Suite des Recherches. Suite des Recherches. Suite des recherches. 5 Parts.

180146023Paris Chez Fuchs An IX1801. Boundin 3 contemp. hcalf. Gilt spuines. Light wear along edges. In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie" Tome 36 37 and 38. Entire volumes offered. 336;3302;3342 pp. and 5 engraved plates. Berthollet's paper: pp. 302-317 pp. 151-181 221-252 pp. 3-29 113-134. Together with the memoir printed at the same time in "Mémoires de l'Institut." this is the first appearance of B's groundbreaking work on the nature of chemical affinity and the fact that many factors influence chemical reactions comparing chemical affinity to the force of gravity. The paper was at the end of the year published separately.The theory set forth here "led directly to Prout's investigations which yielded a knowledge of definite chemical proportions and thus played a very importent part in preparing the way for the development of the Atomic Theory on which the whole modern chemistry is based."Duveen p. 75."Berthollet read a memoir on the general theory of affinities while he was still in Egypt. This was the starting point of his complete new system of chemistry first briefly sketched in Recherches sur les lois de l’affinité 1801 and later developed into the comprehensive two volume Essai de statique chimique. Here he attempted to provide a proper basis for chemistry so that its experimental results could be viewed in the light of theoretical first principles. Berthollet developed a theory and a model adequate for the understanding and the interpretation of the rapidly growing body of chemical knowledge in his time. He was aware that the positive work of constructing a new theory had yet to be performed after the shock of Lavoisier’s criticism of the old chemistry.DSB.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1801 C. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 000,00 DKK≈ 671,50 €

WOHLER, F und J LIEBIG - PIONEER WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Recherches sur la Nature de l'Acide Urique.

183848918Paris Crochard 1838. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands spine gilt. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." 2e Series Tome 68. 448 pp. entire volume offered. Wöhler & Liebig's paper: pp. 225-336. Clean and fine. small stamps to verso of titlepage. First French edition of this importent paper in the development of organic chemistry. It is the last joint paper of importence from "these two men .pioneers in the development of organic chemistry form a twin constellation in the chemical firmament"Alexander Findley in "A Hundred Years of Chemistry" p. 23. The paper is a translation of "Untersuchungen über die Natur der Harnsäure" published at the same time in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 1838 Wöhler and Liebig collaborated on one more major piece of work a study of uric acid. The paper offered. Wöhler suggested the subject and the idea seems to have come from his medical interests. Uric acid was not easily obtainable–snake excrement was the only substantial source–and relationships with urea and allantoin were suspected by Wöhler. As a student he had won a prize in 1828 for an essay on the conversion in the human body of chemicals taken orally and excreted in urine. The technique adopted by Liebig and Wöhler was to subject uric acid ad the derivatives they prepared to oxidation and reduction by reagents of different concentrations and strengths. Wöhler seems to have been the first to heat reagents together in sealed glass tubes but after an explosion he thought metal ones safer.Their 100-page paper described fourteen new compounds and their preparation and analysis.7 An attempt to establish a new radical called "uril" C8N4O4 was less successful. Perhaps even more significant than the sophisticated practical and theoretical organic chemistry was the new spirit revealed. Writing to Berzelius in 1828 Wöhler was doubtful whether animal substances could be prepared in the laboratory. In 1832 he began the paper on the benzoyl radical with a description of organic chemistry as "the dark region of organic nature." But in 1838 his work with Liebig led him to write at Liebig’s suggestion: "The philosophy of chemistry will conclude from this work that it must be held not only as probable but as certain that all organic substances insofar as they no longer belong to the organism will be prepared in the laboratory. Sugar salicin morphine will be produced artificially. It is true that the route to these and products is not yet clear to us because the intermediaries from which these materials develop are still unknown but we shall learn to know them."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark3 500,00 DKK≈ 470,05 €

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