Einstein

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EINSTEIN, ALBERT und WJ de HAAS - MAX PLANCK - MAX von LAUE W JBiblio.com

EINSTEIN, ALBERTBiblio.com

Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. - FOUNDING LASER PHYSICS.

191746895Leipzig S. Hirzel 1917. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine and 5 raised bands with ornaments in gilt. In "Physikalische Zeitschrift" Bd. 18 1917. Spine and hinges with wear otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 121-128. Entire volume: XI 1 604 pp. 14 plates. The paper was first published in 1916 in Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft in Zürich but here for the first time in Physikalische Zeitschrift. All subsequent research on absorption and emission of radiation and the entire discovery of the maser later the laser was based on the research presented in the present paper. The paper is also notable for introducing the concept but not the name of the photon; Einstein argues that in the interaction of matter and radiation there must be in addition to the processes of absorption and spontaneous emission a third process of stimulated emission. If stimulated emission exists then he can derive the Planck distribution for blackbody radiation and without it the same argument implies the invalid Wien-distribution theory."In this paper he derived Planck's original quantum law from a different starting point he suggested that as well as spontaneous emission and absorption there could also take place the process of stimulated emission. In 1917 this seemed mainly of theoretical interest; forty years later it was utilized to provide the maser and laser of modern technology. In 1916 "Einstein came back once more to blackbody radiation and made further progress. In November 1916 he wrote to Besso: 'A splendid light has fallen on me about the absorption and emission of radiation'. His reasoning is divided into three papers two of which appeared in 1916 and the third one early in 1917 the two papers above - note that these are the two papers of Einstein on radiation theory cited by Weil as "principal works"; a third paper from 1916 is not. In these papers Einstein proposed a statistical theory of the interaction between atoms and photons gave a new demonstration of Planck's radiation theory and introduced the concept of 'stimulated emission' providing the basis for the discovery of masers and lasers " Bertolotti The History of the Laser."When Einstein returned to the radiation problem in 1916 the quantum theory had undergone a major change. Niels Bohr's papers had opened a new and fertile domain for the application of quantum concepts-the explanation of atomic structure and atomic spectra. In addition Bohr's work and its generalizations by Arnold Sommerfeld and others constituted a fresh approach to the foundations of the quantum theory of matter. Einstein's new work showed the influence of these ideas . He had found still another derivation of Planck's black-body radiation law an "astonishingly simple and general" one which he thought mightproperly be called "the derivation" 12 of this important law. It was based on statistical assumptions about the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and on Bohr's basic quantum hypothesis that atomic systems have a discrete set of possible stationary states. The proof turned on the requirement that absorption and emission of radiation both spontaneous and stimulated suffice to keep a gas of atoms in thermodynamic equilibrium. This paper introduced the concept of stimulated emission into the quantum theory and is therefore often described as the basis of laser physics. Einstein himself considered the most important contribution of this work to be not the new derivation of the distribution law but rather the arguments he presented for the directional character of energy quanta. DSB Weil No 91 with an asterix denoting major paper. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark4 500,00 DKK≈ 604,35 €

EINSTEIN, ALBERTBiblio.com

Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlentheorie Together with L. Hopf; Withbound: Statistische Untersuchungen der Bewegung eines Resnators in einem Strahlungsfeld; Withbound: Theorie der Opaleszenz von .

191038842Leipzig J.A. Barth 1910. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt a fs scratches to spine. VIII1584 pp. and 6 plates. Einstein papers: pp. 1096: pp. 1105-1115; pp. 1275-1298. Fine and clean. The whole volume offered. All three papers first edition. The purpose of "A theorem in probability and its application in the Theory of radiation" is to demonstrate that the failure of statistical mechanics with respect to the radiation law Rayleigh - Jeans law contradicted by experience cannot be removed by the conjecture that perhaps the individual statistical events should not follow the usual law of independence product of probabilities instead of assuming a certain interdependence between them. Lanczos. The second paper "Statistical investigation on of the motion of an oscillator in a radiation field" makes use of the results of the previous investigation. Einstein's aim is to demonstrate that the Rayleigh-jeans law of radiation contracdicted by the physical facts is an unavoidable consequence of statistics even if we avoid any kind of assumption which may be suspected of needing correction. Lanczos. The third paper "Theory of the opalescence of homogenous fluids and fluid mixtures near the critical state" is an importent investigation and one of the most difficult of all his papers to understand. The aim of the paper is to complement the work of Smoluchovski Ann. d. Physik25 1908 who gave a general explanation of the strong density fluctuations - and the opalescence thus generated - of two fluids near the critical state of mixture or a single fluid near the critical state of condensation on the basis of the kinetic theory of heat. he did notgive howeverthe quantitative details concerning the scattered light associated with this phenomenon. Lanczos. - Weil Nos 34 35 and 36 with an asterix denoting major work. unknown

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Einstein, AlbertBiblio.com

Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips; 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"; 3 Über die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23

190750420Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1907. Einstein explicitly establishes E=mc2.Einstein Albert 1879-1955. 1 Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips. In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 197-8. 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz." In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 206-8. 3 Über die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23 7: pp. 371-384. 8vo. Red cloth gilt lettering on spine. 214 x 140 mm. Whole volume: viii 1000 pp. 4 plates numbered Taf. I - IV. Tafs. I II and IV are folding Taf. III is b/w silver photograph tipped to sheet. Foot of the spine is repaired. Very good. Approximate English translations of titles: 1 "On the possibility of a new test of the principle of relativity." 2 "Remarks on Mr. Paul Ehrenfest's note: 'The translation of deformable electrons and the surface theorem.'" 3 "On the inertia of energy required by the principle of relativity." In "On the inertia of energy required by the relativity principle" May 1907 "Using rather than m V rather than c and 0 rather than E0 Einstein wrote his famous equation for the first time as V2= 0 and he did it in a footnote. At the end of that paper he introduced the symbol E0 to denote energy in the rest frame and wrote the famous expression again this time as =E0/V2." -Eugene Hecht How Einstein confirmed E0 = mc2 In the third paper Einstein explicitly establishes his famous equation E=mc2 although with different symbols. In this paper Einstein discussed the relationship between inertial mass and energy arguing for their complete equivalence namely that every mass has an equivalent energy just as every form of energy has an equivalent mass. This relation says that a photon can convert for the equivalence of mass and energy his celebrated equation E = mc2 Calaprice The Einstein Almanac. Weil's Einstein Bibliography nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively. Boni's Einstein Checklist nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively. . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown

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Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)Biblio.com

Zur Affinen Feldtheorie. Relativity

192332429Berlin: Berlin: Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften XVIII 1923. First Thus. Soft cover. First Thus. Soft cover. Einstein Albert 1879-1955. Zur affinen Feldtheorie. Offprint from Sitzungsberichten der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1923. XVIII. 8vo.4 137-140 First edition. Orange wrappers. A fine fresh copy in the rare off-print form marked with an asterisk by Weil denoting a major paper "Sonderabdruck" & deemed of sufficient interest that a translation was published in Nature Magazine. "Einstein's attempts to formulate a unified field theory the theoretical framework to account for the fundamental forces of nature. stemmed from his dissatisfaction with the general relativity theory which did not adequately incorporate the electromagnetic field into the geometry of space-time". Einstein's first investigation of Weyl's ideas published in the present paper which Weyl had begun working on in 1918. Weyl was investigating the possibility of constructing a unified field theory preserving the dimensionality of space-time while formally altering its geometry making it a special case of the class known as affine geometries. However Einstein later rejected Weyl's theory. "Weil No. 132; Schilpp--Shields No. 171; Alicke No.113; Norman Library 698; Boni 141. Affine Geometry is not concerned with the notions of circle angle and distance. It's a known dictum that in Affine Geometry all triangles are the same. In this context the word affine was first used by Euler affinis. In modern parlance Affine Geometry is a study of properties of geometric objects that remain invariant under affine transformations mappings. Affine transformations preserve collinearity of points: if three points belong to the same straight line their images under affine transformations also belong to the same line and in addition the middle point remains between the other two points." The early Offprints from "Sitzungsberichten." are called "Sonderabdruck" up to Weil No.165 including this. From Weil 166 they are called "Sonderausgabe.". - Before 161 up to 160 the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical. From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - So Weil Nos 161-165 is still "Abdruck" but with separate title and pagination. Berlin: Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, XVIII unknown

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