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HERAPATH, JOHN - THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

A Mathematical Inquiry into the Causes Laws and principal Phaenomena of heat Gases Gravitation &c. 3 Parts.

LAURENT, AUGUSTE - THE NUCLEUS THEORY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSBiblio.com

Analyse du Spodumène de l'Arriège et de la Wichtyne. Sur de nouveaux Chlorures et Bromures d'Hydrogéne carboné. Sur la Nitronaphtalase la Nitronaphtalèse et la Naphtalase. Sur le Benzoyle et la Benzimide.

183549330Paris Crochard 1835. Contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spine. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." 2e Series tome 59. 4462 pp. Entire volume offered. Some scattered brownspots. Laurent's papers: pp. 107-111 196-220376-397 a. 397-422. First printing of these importent papers in the history of organic chemistry explaining the differences to Dumas' law of substitutions and introducing a "new type" and what he calls "fundamental and derived radicals". The introduction of the "Nucleus Theory" was the basis for the unitary theory formulated by Gerhardt."While studying the reactions of naphthalene and its compounds with the halogens and nitric acid Laurent was from the start characteristically concerned with the construction of an explanatory theory that would account for these phenomena. Like most creative scientists he generalized his solution to a specific problem through the imaginative use of analogy leading to the elaboration of the first comprehensive theory adequate for dealing with the whole domain of contemporaneous organic chemistry." DSB."A founder of modern organic chemistry Laurent was one of the most important chemists of the nineteenth century. He considered the behavior of matter to be a manifestation of its intimate internal structure which one cannot determine with certainty but which one has to investigate if one wants to understand. Laurent’s preoccupation was to construct a method that could guide the chemist forward along this path from facts to their causes. He was the first chemist to intimately associate crystallo-graphic data and chemical studies. Louis Pasteur and Charles Friedel later followed the way."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark2 000,00 DKK≈ 268,60 €

HERAPATH, JOHN - THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

On the Physical Properties of Gases. To Dr. Thomsen A Mathematical Inquiry into the Causes Laws and principal Phaenomena of heat Gases Gravitation &c. 3 Parts.

181646878London Baldwin Cradock and Joy 1816 a. 1821. Bound in 2 uniform contemp. moiré boards. Light wear along edges and a fes smaller scratches. In: "Annals of Philosophy; or Magazine of Chemistry Mineralogy Mechanics Natural History. By Thomas Thomson." Vol. VIII and New series Vol. I. VIII479 pp. a. 9 engraved plates VIII479 pp. a. 7 engraved plates. Entire volumes offered. Herapath's papers: pp. 56-60 1816 a. pp. 273-293 340-351 a. 401-416. First printing of these contoversial papers where Herapath revived the kinetic theory of gases. His theory was more or less neglected by the scientific community at his time. The kinetic theory remained dormant and forgotten after Euler's and Bernouilli's work "until 1816 when Herapath proposed a theory which is essential Bernoulli's. Unfortunately he chose to define temperature as being proportional to the momentum rather than the kinetic energy of molecules. Herapath was the first to show more or less that kinetic theory can provide simple explanations for the changes of state diffusion and the propagation of sound."Trousdell "Essayas in the History of Mechanics" pp. 283 ff.Euler Bernoulli Herapath and Waterston may be considered the principal scientists who prior to 1850 attempted a more or less complete mathematical treatment of gases based on a set of molecular postulates. Jamie Wisniak."Having published a preliminary notice of his theory in the Annals of Philosophy in 1816 Herapath submitted a detailed account to the Royal Society in 1820. Davy who was elected to the presidency of the Society in November of that year was primarily responsible for the fate of the paper. Although Davy was already known as an advocate of the qualitative idea that heat is molecular motion he found Herapath’s quantitative development too speculative and complicated; he rejected the hypothesis of an absolute temperature implying an "absolute zero" of cold. Having been told that his paper would not be accepted for publication in the Philosophical Transactions Herapath withdrew it and published it instead in the Annals of Philosophy in 1821. Five years later he launched an attack on Davy in the Times of London accusing him of circulating unfounded criticisms of his experimental work which prevented its publication. Although Davy ignored a series of letters and challenges published in the Times Herapath later claimed Davy’s resignation from the presidency of the Royal Society 1827 as a victory for himself."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 500,00 DKK≈ 738,65 €

GERHARDT, CHARLES - THE THEORY OF TYPES AND RADICALSBiblio.com

Recherches sur les Acides organiques Anhydres. Presentées à l'Academie des Sciences les 17 mai et 14 juin 1852.

185343123Paris Victor Masson Imprimerie de Bachelier 1853. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Slightly rubbed. A small weakness to upper part of fronthinge. Small stamps on verso of titlepage and on verso of plates. In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXXVII. 512 pp. and 3 plates. The entire volume offered. Gerhardt's paper: pp. 285-342. Light scattered brownspots. First printing of an importent paper in which Gerhardt introduced the concept of "type" in organic chemistry in order to understand all substitution reactions."Gerhardt adopted Laurent's nucleus or unitary theory and combined it with the theory of types and radicals. In 1852 he discovered the anhydrides of organic acids and explained their structure by an extension of the water type of Williamson. He further proposed that all organic compounds could be related to one of four inorganic types: water hydrogen hydrogen chloride and ammonia. These types could be used to explain most organic reactions as double decompositions. Since Gerhard felt that the formula of organic compounds never ecpressed the actual structure of the molecule but only its reactions he was satisfied with this theory and carried it no farther. However it was a great advance in systematization and helped to bring order into the confused field of organic reactions."Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry 1400-1900" p. 351."Gerhardt will occupy a permanent position in the history of Chemistry for his services to organic classification for his concept of homology for his preparation of acid anhydrides and for his reform of equivalents."DSB V p. 374.The volume contains further importent papers Marcelin Berthelot "Sur la Bichlorhydrate D'Essence de Térébenthine" pp. 223-230 by Arago Edmond Becquerel etc.etc. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark2 000,00 DKK≈ 268,60 €

LE VERRIER, URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH - A CONFIRMATION OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITYBiblio.com

Recherches sur L'Orbite de Mercure et sur ses Pertubations. Détermination de la Masse de Vénus et du Diamètre du Soleil;

184342922Paris Imprimerie de Bachelier 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées.Publié par Joseph Liouville" tome VIII. Pp. 273-360. Clean and fine. First appearance of Le Verrier's provisional theory on the motion of Mercury his studies of which eventually did much to demonstrate the validity of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The planetary orbits should agree with the predictions of the General Theory of relativity but as Einstein pointed out in his "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkurs aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" from 1915 the divergences predicted were too small to be observed except in the case of the nearest planet Mercury where the perihelion advance according to the formula reaches the value of 43"" per 100 years being in full agreement with the calculations of Le Verrier who found this unexplained rest in the perihelion advance of Mercury per century if the perturbations due to the other planets are deduced.- Einstein tells in a letter to a friend that for several days he was in a 'state of delirious joy' by this wonderful astronomical confirmation of his theory."Le Verrier first began to study Mercury on the suggestion of Arago in 1840. Astronomers realized that Mercury's perihelion the point at which the orbit of a planet is closest to the sun advanced along its orbit at a rate of 566 seconds per century. Le Verrier calculated that even when taking into account the forces exerted by other planets in the solar system there still existed a discrepancy between calculation and observation. Le Verrier's accurate calculations showed that the planet's perihelion.did indeed advance forty seconds of an arc per century more than could be accounted for by Newton's theory of gravitation even after the minor pertubing effects of the other planets had been allowed for." Asimov. - Le verrier published these findings in the present work carefully as to the mass of the planet comparison with other orbits of planets and their perihelia. At the time Le Verrier put down the discrepancy to mis-observation or mis-calculation.- Sparrow Milestones of Science No. 133. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark8 500,00 DKK≈ 1 141,55 €

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