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National Academy Of Sciences; Edward C Tolman; EtcBiblio.com

Biographical Memoirs Volume Xxv 35 1961: Anton Julius Carlson Edward Lull Cochrane Edwin Joseph Cohn Samuel Randall Detwiler Robert Emerson Ross Granville Harrison Karl Spencer Lashley Leo Loeb Warren Judson Mead John Bernard Reeside Jr. George Malcolm Stratton William Trelease Bailey Willis Henry Van Peters Wilson

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Human RightsBiblio.com

Scientists and Human Rights in Syria

199373056Washington DC: National Academy Press 1993. Presumed First Edition/First Printing. Trade paperback. Very good. ix 1 65 1 pages. Footnotes. Publisher's press release laid in. Cover has slight wear and soiling. The situation for human rights in Syria is considered exceptionally poor among international observers. A state of emergency was in effect from 1963 until April 2011 giving security forces sweeping powers of arrest and detention. From 1973-2012 Syria was a single-party state. The authorities have been accused of harassing and imprisoning human rights activists and other critics of the government. Freedom of expression association and assembly are strictly controlled. Women and ethnic minorities face discrimination. According to Human Rights Watch President Bashar al-Assad failed to improve Syria's human rights record in the first 10 years of his rule and Syria's human rights situation remained among the worst in the world. According to Amnesty International the government may be guilty of crimes against humanity based on "witness accounts of deaths in custodyrape= and arbitrary detention" during the crackdown against the 2011 uprising and during the Syrian Civil War. The Committee on Human Rights CHR created in 1976 is a standing membership committee of the United States National Academy of Sciences NAS National Academy of Engineering NAE and National Academy of Medicine NAM institutions composed of many of the world's most distinguished scientists engineers physicians and researchers. The CHR serves as a bridge between the human rights and scientific communities in recognition of the importance of rights protection both for scientific inquiry and the realization of human dignity worldwide. The CHR brings the influence of the National Academies' members to bear on situations of serious human rights concern. It advocates in support of scientists engineers and health professionals subjected to serious human rights abuses worldwide with a focus on individuals targeted for their professional activities and/or for having exercised the universally protected right to freedom of expression which provides a crucial foundation for scientific research and progress. It provides assistance to professional colleagues under threat by linking them to the wider international scientific community and to organizations that provide pro bono legal support and other services. Finally the CHR raises awareness concerning the links between science technology health and human rights including through briefings symposia and use of interactive media. The CHR supported by a staff of human rights professionals is composed of 14 members drawn from the membership of the three Academies and appointed by the Academies' Presidents. The three foreign secretaries of the NAS NAE and NAM are among these members and serve on the committee in an ex officio capacity. More than 1600 members of the National Academies are "CHR Correspondents" who receive regular information on the CHR's activities and frequently make appeals in human rights cases identified by the CHR. Since 1993 the CHR has served as Secretariat of the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies which brings together national academies and scholarly societies from all regions of the world for the purpose of addressing shared science and human rights concerns. National Academy Press paperback

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National Research Council Commission on LIfe Sciences Committee on Radiological Safety in the Marshall IslandsBiblio.com

Radiological Assessments for the Resettlement of Rongelap in the Republic of the Marshall Islands

199466389Washington DC: National Academies Press 1994. Trade paperback. Very good. xiv 2 108 pages. Illustrations. References. Glossary. As a result of contamination by radionuclides released during nuclear weapons testing by the United States during the 1940s and 1950s the residents of Rongelap Atoll were evacuated from the Marshall Islands. This book provides an assessment of issues surrounding their resettlement and an evaluation of radiological conditions on certain Marshall Islands particularly Rongelap Atoll. On On March 1 1954 the United States conducted a nuclear test on Bikini Atoll in the northern Marshall Islands code named Bravo that led to widespread fallout contamination over inhabited islands of Rongelap Ailinginae and Utr k Atolls. Prior to Bravo little consideration was given to the potential health and ecological impacts of fallout contamination beyond the immediate vicinity of the test sites. A total of 64 people living on Rongelap Atoll including people residing on Ailinginae Atoll at the time of the blast received significant exposure to "fresh" radioactive fallout and had to be evacuated to Kwajalein Atoll for medical treatment. The Rongelap community spent the next 3 years living on Ejit Island Majuro Atoll before returning home to Rongelap in June 1957. However growing concerns about possible long-term health effects associated with exposure to residual fallout contamination on the island prompted residents to relocate again to a new temporary home on Mejatto Island on Kwajalein Atoll in 1985. The people of Rongelap are still resident on Mejatto today although parts of the community have split off to live on Ebeye Island Kwajalein Atoll and Majuro Atoll. The Rongelap community has always expressed a strong desire to return to their ancestral homeland. Through the Rongelap Resettlement Act the United States Congress approved and continued a 1996 resettlement agreement between the United States and the Rongelap Atoll Local Government and extended distribution authority for 10 years to advance resettlement. As a part of the 1996 resettlement agreement a Phase I resettlement program was initiated in 1998. The United States Department of Energy the Rongelap Atoll Local Government and the Republic of the Marshall Islands have since agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding MOU 1999 outlining shared provisions in support of resettlement. Under this agreement scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were tasked with developing individual radiation protection monitoring programs for resettlement workers and to verify the effects of the remedial actions. National Academies Press paperback

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Setlow, Richard (Task Group Chair) and National Research Council, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and ApplicationsBiblio.com

Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions; Biological Issues and Research Strategies

199688096Washington DC: National Academy Press 1996. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Good. The format is approximately 8.25 inches by 10.75 inches. xii 75 1 pages. Illustrated front cover. Some red ink marks noted. Figures. Tables. References. This is one of the National Academies Compass Series. Astronauts who venture beyond the protection of Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere risk exposure to levels of radiation far exceeding those on Earth. Of all the risks this one is probably the most straightforward to control—by providing adequate shielding. However because shielding adds weight cost and complexity to space vehicles it is very important for designers to have a good quantitative understanding of the risk and its degree of certainty. This report assesses our understanding of radiation hazards in space. It also considers the additional research needed to reduce the areas of uncertainty research that must be completed prior to undertaking the detailed design of a vehicle carrying crew members into space for periods of extended exposure. The report finds that it will take more than a decade of research to answer even the narrowest set of key questions. The nation has backed away from a specific timetable for human exploration of the moon and Mars. Yet it seems plausible that such expeditions will be mounted sometime in the first quarter of the 21st century especially given the recent resurgence of interest in possible life on Mars from the study of meteorites. It becomes clear when the lengthy time scale of the research is also taken into account that the present report is indeed timely and should receive prompt consideration by NASA planners. NASA's long-range plans include possible human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century. Such missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events as well as continuous high-energy galactic cosmic rays ranging from energetic protons with low mean linear energy transfer LET to nuclei with high atomic numbers high energies and high LET. Because the radiation levels in space are high and the missions long adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. The knowledge base needed to design shielding involves two sets of factors each with quantitative uncertainty—the radiation spectra and doses present behind different types of shielding and the effects of the doses on relevant biological systems. It is only prudent to design shielding that will protect the crew of spacecraft exposed to predicted high but uncertain levels of radiation and biological effects. Because of the uncertainties regarding the degree and type of radiation protection needed a requirement for shielding to protect against large deleterious but uncertain biological effects may be imposed which in turn could result in an unacceptable cost to a mission. It therefore is of interest to reduce these uncertainties in biological effects and shielding requirements for reasons of mission feasibility safety and cost. National Academy Press paperback

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