Einstein

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EINSTEIN, ALBERTBiblio.com

Sur L'Électrodynamique des Corps en Mouvement. Traduit par M. Solovine. Avec un Portrait de L'Auteur.

EINSTEIN, ALBERTBiblio.com

Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. - FOUNDING LASER PHYSICS.

191746895Leipzig S. Hirzel 1917. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine and 5 raised bands with ornaments in gilt. In "Physikalische Zeitschrift" Bd. 18 1917. Spine and hinges with wear otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 121-128. Entire volume: XI 1 604 pp. 14 plates. The paper was first published in 1916 in Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft in Zürich but here for the first time in Physikalische Zeitschrift. All subsequent research on absorption and emission of radiation and the entire discovery of the maser later the laser was based on the research presented in the present paper. The paper is also notable for introducing the concept but not the name of the photon; Einstein argues that in the interaction of matter and radiation there must be in addition to the processes of absorption and spontaneous emission a third process of stimulated emission. If stimulated emission exists then he can derive the Planck distribution for blackbody radiation and without it the same argument implies the invalid Wien-distribution theory."In this paper he derived Planck's original quantum law from a different starting point he suggested that as well as spontaneous emission and absorption there could also take place the process of stimulated emission. In 1917 this seemed mainly of theoretical interest; forty years later it was utilized to provide the maser and laser of modern technology. In 1916 "Einstein came back once more to blackbody radiation and made further progress. In November 1916 he wrote to Besso: 'A splendid light has fallen on me about the absorption and emission of radiation'. His reasoning is divided into three papers two of which appeared in 1916 and the third one early in 1917 the two papers above - note that these are the two papers of Einstein on radiation theory cited by Weil as "principal works"; a third paper from 1916 is not. In these papers Einstein proposed a statistical theory of the interaction between atoms and photons gave a new demonstration of Planck's radiation theory and introduced the concept of 'stimulated emission' providing the basis for the discovery of masers and lasers " Bertolotti The History of the Laser."When Einstein returned to the radiation problem in 1916 the quantum theory had undergone a major change. Niels Bohr's papers had opened a new and fertile domain for the application of quantum concepts-the explanation of atomic structure and atomic spectra. In addition Bohr's work and its generalizations by Arnold Sommerfeld and others constituted a fresh approach to the foundations of the quantum theory of matter. Einstein's new work showed the influence of these ideas . He had found still another derivation of Planck's black-body radiation law an "astonishingly simple and general" one which he thought mightproperly be called "the derivation" 12 of this important law. It was based on statistical assumptions about the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and on Bohr's basic quantum hypothesis that atomic systems have a discrete set of possible stationary states. The proof turned on the requirement that absorption and emission of radiation both spontaneous and stimulated suffice to keep a gas of atoms in thermodynamic equilibrium. This paper introduced the concept of stimulated emission into the quantum theory and is therefore often described as the basis of laser physics. Einstein himself considered the most important contribution of this work to be not the new derivation of the distribution law but rather the arguments he presented for the directional character of energy quanta. DSB Weil No 91 with an asterix denoting major paper. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark4 500,00 DKK≈ 604,35 €

EINSTEIN, ALBERTBiblio.com

Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlentheorie Together with L. Hopf; Withbound: Statistische Untersuchungen der Bewegung eines Resnators in einem Strahlungsfeld; Withbound: Theorie der Opaleszenz von .

191038842Leipzig J.A. Barth 1910. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt a fs scratches to spine. VIII1584 pp. and 6 plates. Einstein papers: pp. 1096: pp. 1105-1115; pp. 1275-1298. Fine and clean. The whole volume offered. All three papers first edition. The purpose of "A theorem in probability and its application in the Theory of radiation" is to demonstrate that the failure of statistical mechanics with respect to the radiation law Rayleigh - Jeans law contradicted by experience cannot be removed by the conjecture that perhaps the individual statistical events should not follow the usual law of independence product of probabilities instead of assuming a certain interdependence between them. Lanczos. The second paper "Statistical investigation on of the motion of an oscillator in a radiation field" makes use of the results of the previous investigation. Einstein's aim is to demonstrate that the Rayleigh-jeans law of radiation contracdicted by the physical facts is an unavoidable consequence of statistics even if we avoid any kind of assumption which may be suspected of needing correction. Lanczos. The third paper "Theory of the opalescence of homogenous fluids and fluid mixtures near the critical state" is an importent investigation and one of the most difficult of all his papers to understand. The aim of the paper is to complement the work of Smoluchovski Ann. d. Physik25 1908 who gave a general explanation of the strong density fluctuations - and the opalescence thus generated - of two fluids near the critical state of mixture or a single fluid near the critical state of condensation on the basis of the kinetic theory of heat. he did notgive howeverthe quantitative details concerning the scattered light associated with this phenomenon. Lanczos. - Weil Nos 34 35 and 36 with an asterix denoting major work. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark4 500,00 DKK≈ 604,35 €

Franck, James; Hertz, Gustav Ludwig WITH Einstein, AlbertBiblio.com

Uber ZusammenstoBe zwischen Elektronen und Moleklen des Queck-silberdampfes und die Ionisierungsspannung desselben AND Uber Erregung der Quecksilberresonanzlinie 2536 durch ElektronenstoBe Franck and Hertz pp. 457-467 and pp. 512-517 AND Beitrage zur Quantentheorie Einstein pp. 820-828 in Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 16 1914. Titles in German Über Zusammenstöße zwischen Elektronen und Molekülen des Quecksilberdampfes und die Ionisierungsspannung desselben" AND "Über die Erregung der Quecksilberresonanzlinie 2536 durch Elektronenstöße" Franck and Hertz pp. 457-467 and pp. 512-517 WITH "Beitrage zur Quantentheorie" Einstein pp. 820-828

19141199Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn 1914. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION FULL VOLUME OF THE FRANCK-HERTZ EXPERIMENT: THE FIRST ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT TO CLEARLY SHOW THE QUANTUM NATURE OF ATOMS - PROOF OF THE QUANTIZED MODEL OF THE BOHR ATOM & OF PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORY. Note that this volume includes both the first and second Franck-Hertz experiment. In the first they demonstrate that atoms can only absorb and be excited by specific amounts of energy; in the second experiment performed the same year they demonstrate that the frequency of the light emitted following the collision of electrons with mercury atoms corresponds precisely with the energy lost by the electrons in the collision. Franck and Hertz received the Nobel Prize for this work specifically "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" Nobel Prize Committee. Of equal import this volume also contains a paper by Einstein in which he uses the light quantum hypothesis to give new derivations of Planck's radiation law and Nernst's third law of thermodynamics. His "proofs introduced the quantum hypothesis" Calaprice The Einstein Almanac 40. In 1914 James Franck and Gustav Hertz were working together in the Physics Institute of Berlin and were "particularly interested in ionization i.e. in the process in which an electron is removed from an atom" The Harvest of a Century" p. 102-103. The experiment they devised now known commonly as the Franck-Hertz experiment is "a vivid illustration of the quantization of energy" that relied on methodology so simple "that it is now carried out regularly by undergraduates. They accelerated electrons through a low-pressure gas of mercury. When the electrons' energy reach the energy of a stationary state of mercury they gave up a quantum of energy to the mercury resulting in a stepwise shape to the curve of current through the apparatus. This demonstrated that atoms could absorb energy only in discrete amounts" Peacock The Quantum Revolution 40. "Franck and Hertz had not only shown for the first time that electrons lose their kinetic energy to mercury atoms in energy quanta but also that these energy quanta are equal to the energy of the light emitted by the same atoms if interpreted with Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis.This was the first experimental determination of Planck's constant not using blackbody radiation" Brandt 103. CONDITION & DETAILS: Braunschweig: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn. 8vo. Unobtrusive stamp on front paste down and title page. In-text figures throughout. Tightly bound in leather over marbled paper boards; gilt-lettered and tooled at the slightly faded and spotted spine which looks worse in the image due to the bright light than it does to the eye. Unusually beautiful marbled paper edges. Bright and very clean throughout. Near fine. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn hardcover

Atticus Rare Books · États-Unis650,00 $US≈ 549,97 €

EINSTEIN, ALBERT (+) L HOPFBiblio.com

Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlentheorie. Statistische Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld Theorie der Opaleszenz von hogenen Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe de.

191049714Leipzig Barth 1910. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Annalen der Physik" Bd. 33 1910. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to verso of title page light wear to extremities. Otherwise fine and clean. pp. 1096-1104 and pp. 1105-1115; Pp. 1275-1298 Entire volume: VIII 1584 pp. 6 plates. First appearance of all three papers. The purpose of "A theorem in probability and its application in the Theory of radiation" is to demonstrate that the failure of statistical mechanics with respect to the radiation law Rayleigh - Jeans law contradicted by experience cannot be removed by the conjecture that perhaps the individual statistical events should not follow the usual law of independence product of probabilities instead of assuming a certain interdependence between them. Lanczos. The second paper "Statistical investigation on of the motion of an oscillator in a radiation field" makes use of the results of the previous investigation. Einstein's aim is to demonstrate that the Rayleigh-jeans law of radiation contracdicted by the physical facts is an unavoidable consequence of statistics even if we avoid any kind of assumption which may be suspected of needing correction. Lanczos. The third paper "Theory of the opalescence of homogenous fluids and fluid mixtures near the critical state" is an importent investigation and one of the most difficult of all his papers to understand. The aim of the paper is to complement the work of Smoluchovski Ann. d. Physik25 1908 who gave a general explanation of the strong density fluctuations - and the opalescence thus generated - of two fluids near the critical state of mixture or a single fluid near the critical state of condensation on the basis of the kinetic theory of heat. he did notgive howeverthe quantitative details concerning the scattered light associated with this phenomenon. Lanczos. - Weil Nos 34 35 and 36 with an asterix denoting major work.Weil No. 34 35 & 36. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark3 800,00 DKK≈ 510,34 €