638 résultats
17130African American Education Archive of 4 photographs of racially integrated classrooms 1964-1969. Original silver gelatin print photographs various sizes from 7 x 9" to 7.5 x 11". Images show racially integrated classrooms and schools across the country in Cincinnati Ohio; Harlem New York; and Portland OR. Images from 1964 1965 1967 1969. Two of the photographs show children at study in their classrooms. In the most candid image from Evanston School 1964 8 African American students and 1 white classmate sit and quietly read books at their desks. The 1967 image from Epiphany School in Harlem New York City again shows children in a classroom they all hold Encyclopedias and smile directly into the camera. There is a greater mix in racial makeup of this classroom and the students look at ease with one another. The third photo is a 1965 class portrait of 33 girls and their teacher; 19 of the students are African-American girls. More than any of the earlier class pictures these girls are the most racially balanced and integrated. African American students make up just over half of the class and the girls are posed with Black and White students together in each row. The final photograph from 1969 shows 23 smiling middle school students walk together arm-in-arm at West Sylvan Middle School in Portland OR. Original press caption pasted to verso in part: "Program which developed from discussion about improving race relations led to a talent show put on by Boise School pupils at West Sylvan School Wednesday. In photo Boise pupils are being welcomed." Light handling dents. 1964 1967 1969 photos have original press stamps and handwritten annotations on verso. 1967 photo has 6 thumbtack holes in upper right corner. 1964 photo has 1/2" closed tear along top edge. 1969 photo has 1/2" closed tear along right edge; light rippling to image. In very good condition. An archive which shows the progress made in racially integrated schools across America in the 1960s. unknown books
16930Civil Rights Education Original silver gelatin print press photograph of Education-related Civil Rights demonstration in Chicago 1965. The protesters block the street in the heart of the city to protest for better public education for African-American students who faced overcrowding and segregated schools. 8 x 10 in. Iconic Chicago hotspots from that era such as McVicker's Theater and Tad's Steakhouse can be seen in the background of the photo. Original press caption printed above image: "Chicago: Two-hundred civil rights demonstrators were arrested here 6/12 when they stormed from the sidewalk at intersection of State and Madison and staged a mass sit-down. Here demonstrators sit in intersection in front of waiting police van after several were arrested. Demonstrators were marching to City Hall where they wanted to make a personal plea to Mayor Richard Daley to fire Benjamin Willis Superintendent of Schools." Stamped on verso "1965 June 12". Red and black markers at edges of image. Handwritten note along top edge not affecting image. Original press stamps and markings to verso. Very good condition. unknown books
15392Vintage Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph. Integrated Class Photo of 6th grade. A class photo of 1935 with many white students and one tall African American student with his arm around another kid. Approx. 3" x 5". Verso includes the notation "See big black guy James Thompson. A great guy." Image in very good condition. A great example of Integration decades before Brown v Board of Education. unknown books
15036Pamphlet copy of Frederick J. Gould's lecture "Why Educate" which he delivered to the meeting of the National Union of Women Teachers in Chesterfield England in 1926. Between 700-800 teachers were in attendance for the Annual Educational Weekend conference at which Gould spoke.Among the highlights of Gould's lecture are his exploration of "What is education It is the showing the revelation to youth of Order Beauty Service Progress" and his assertion that "to teach is to show to reveal." He concludes "I dream of the day when the whole world will waken to the enthusiasm of education when the school bell will speak to every citizen." Stamped on first and last page with "Board of Education Library" and with some markings. Docket hole in top right. Comes with one page "Educational Reform. unknown books
15275Female Correspondence Education. Book Set 1929. Delphian Society Correspondence Course 18 Hard bound books The Delphian Society was a national organization that promoted the education of women in the United States. This organization was founded around 1910 in Chicago. the Delphian Society published the Delphian Course of Reading: "A systematic plan of education embracing the world's progress and development of the liberal arts." The original volume course covers "history literature philosophy poetry fiction drama art ethics music" than developed to 18 volumes by 1929. <br/>the importance of the adult-education and self-culture movements and places the Delphian publications within the progressive milieu and the development of women's clubs. These publications were unique in the era as no other texts institutions or organizations were devoted to women's education at the highest level or fostered deliberative social interaction and civic advancement. The publications provided education to adult women at a moment in history when their roles in American social and civil life changed dramatically. The volumes are in good condition and heavy. Extra shipping charges may apply. unknown books
16829Handwritten Memory album from a girl junior high student in mid-1920s Arkansas. Handwritten inscriptions from 45 classmates and friends. Entries from 1925 to 1927. 16 pages. My Memories of School Days. New York City: C. R. Gibson & Company 1924. "Roses are red Violets are blue Think of me and I'll think of you!" Hand-writtten recordings of the school song for West Side Junior High in Little Rock AK. "Here's to West Side Dear of West Side Your the school we love the best Wit your colors gaily flying You have always stood the test When we leave you We believe you will always be our greatest pride And we will show you how much we owe you Will always boost for you our Dear West Side." Comes with October 1934 issue of "West Side Junior Life" student newspaper. Pages are filled with poems and lines from classmates over the years. Many of the inscriptions are pithy short poems or lines. "Dear Charlene I wish you health I wish you wealth I wish you gold in store I wish you heaven after death What could I wish you more" "In your mud puddles of affection Let one tad pole swim for me." "When you're in the kitchen frying meat think of me and my big feet." "If you're within and I'm without I'll think of you without a doubt." Some broke with this convention. "I do not know any poem but I pity the person that worries their head off to get one." Other include more personal notes on their memories together. "Remember our Spanish Class and the study hall before it." Two newspaper clipping portraits of school friends pasted into book. Two large pencil drawings-one of an infant child playing with a toy and one of a fashionable young lady going for a walk. Junior Membership card for the The American National Red Cross in Little Rock AK issued 9/4/25. Handwritten list of 52 girl classmates. Partial image of school from newspaper clipping pasted to inside back cover. West Side Junior High School was founded in 1917 as an educational establishment and a community center. The West Side building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Very good condition. unknown books
1539919 century Integrated Class Albumen photograph c. 1890. Image is approx. 8" x 3.5" a rural schoolhouse with approximately 30 students of all agesthe class includes one young African American boy in far left second row decades before Brown v Board of Education. The students seem to be from 3 years old through high school. Which implies a small school in a very small community. Some older student are very close to the age of the teacher The photo was taken outside a clapboard school building. The photo is on the original tan backing that was cut down to size of the photo with rounded corners. Very good condition. unknown books
1711719th c. Women Physical Education C.L. McCluer Stevens. "A Unique School" for girls that focuses on physical education described in an original 1897 article from The Windsor Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly Volume 6 1897. Unbound. p. 589-594. 9 x 6.5 inches. Article about a school for girls that focuses on physical education Bergman Österberg Physical Training College in Dartford UK. Martina Bergman-Österberg pioneered teaching physical education as a full subject within the English school curriculum with Swedish-style gymnastics at its core. Bergman-Österberg was an advocate of women's emancipation directly encouraging women to be active in both sport and education. Dartford was one of the first physical education instructor's college in England Osterberg had founded one earlier. "Madam Osterberg's is intended to be a training-school for the body . Its raison d'etre to produce as nearly as may be women who shall be physically perfect." She only admitted students with above-average intelligence and education an aptitude for natural science a sound constitution and character a pleasing appearance and considerable zeal and devotion. After completing the course graduates of the college were virtually guaranteed employment in girls schools throughout the country. <br/><br/>Six photo-illustrated images of the school grounds and gymnasium the headmistress girls cycling and playing basketball. Basketball was invented in America in 1891 and in 1893 Bergman-Österberg returned from a visit to the United States and informally introduced one version of basketball to her students. In the article the sport is described in a rather novel way: "a new and exceedingly fascinating sport called 'basket-ball.' This really splendid game about which a good deal will probably be heard in England in the near future is an importation from America." Light brown stains along inside edge of pages. In very good condition. An article about a unique girls' academy. unknown books
16753Women's Education Movement. Western Female Seminary Catalog 1868-1869. Oxford OH. Western Female Seminary was founded in 1853 as a daughter school of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley Massachusetts. Its first principal Helen Peabody and most of the early faculty had been students and teachers at Mount Holyoke. Mary Lyon Residence Hall on the Western campus is named for Mount Holyok's founder Mary Lyon. It later received a charter and became Western College an all-female institution. Women's colleges proliferated in the mid- to late- 19th century to fill the void created by their exclusion from most institutions of higher education. The prevailing notion that women were too delicate for a rigorous academic education was openly challenged when Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 "Man's intellectual superiority cannot be a question until woman has had a fair trial.When we shall have had our colleges our professions our trades for a century a comparison then may be justly instituted." Young women were quick to step up to the challenge; as quickly as female colleges opened they filled up. No copy could be found among Institutional or library Collections according to OCLC Worldcat. <br/><br/>Women's Academy and Seminary Archive recording the first important movement of women into higher education in the United States seminary was synonymous with "academy" and did not have the religious connotation of today. In the 1800's the Female Academy and Seminary Movement transformed American educational norms allowing women the opportunity to receive secular non-religious college-level education. Women's colleges proliferated in the mid- to late- 19th century to fill the void created by their exclusion from most institutions of higher education. The prevailing notion that women were too delicate for a rigorous academic education was openly challenged when Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 "Man's intellectual superiority cannot be a question until woman has had a fair trial.When we shall have had our colleges our professions our trades for a century a comparison then may be justly instituted." Young women were quick to step up to the challenge; as quickly as female colleges opened they filled up. Not in OCLC Worldcat. unknown books
17182Kelly Miller. Educator-Author-Scholar-Orator. "Kelly Miller spent fifty-four years of his life at Howard University which was the center and love of his devotion. Without question he became generally accepted as the foremost advocate of Higher Education for Negroes." 1 sheet. 4 x 9.5 in. Photo-illustrate portrait of Miller. Dean of Howard University's College of Arts & Science. Miller earned A.B. and M.A. degrees at Howard University before becoming the first African-American person to attend Johns Hopkins University where he studied Mathematics Physics and Astronomy. Miller was a prolific writer of articles and essays and he assisted W. E. B. Du Bois in editing the official NAACP journal The Crisis. This was printed to commemorate 10 years since his passing on December 29 1939. Includes a ruler along one edge of paper calendar for first three months of 1950 and advertisements for Meadow Gold Ice Cream. In very good condition. Only 1 copy in an institutional or university collection according to OCLC Worldcat. unknown books
17129Education Boston Public Schools desegregate by busing students. Original silver gelatin print Press photograph. Two police motorcycles lead a school bus down a residential street in South Boston. Sept. 13 1977. size: 8 x 11 in. Original press caption printed next to image: "Police Escort School Buses - Motorcycle police escort school bus carrying black students to South Boston High Friday on second day of court-ordered busing. No crowds were permitted to assemble near schools." Original press filing stamps on verso Sept. 13 1974. While crowds were not allowed to assemble near schools there are groups of onlookers gathered along the street and sidewalks. Busing was the official desegregation policy for Boston Public Schools beginning in 1974; it was a hotly contested policy in some communities especially in the first years when anti-busing groups would sometimes regularly protest sometimes violently school integration. 1 x .5" surface damage and partial repair to lower right edge affecting image. Surface scratches in bottom right corner and diagonal scratches in bottom left corner on motorcycle. Original press stamps stickers and handwritten annotations on verso. In very good to good condition. unknown books
185038804New York: n.p. 1850. First edition. Self wrappers. Very good copies light soiling. 4 pp.; 4 pp. 8vo. Two editions of the Resolve the first for the Board Edward B. Fellows Clerk dated May 15th and the second headed 'No.3' for "each of the Commissioners Inspectors and Trustees of the Several Ward and Public Schools to be distributed among the Teachers" Albert Gilbert Clerk with an additional date of Oct.16th 1850. The Committee followed the recommendations included in the report and "Resolved That the Board of Education earnestly recommend the Inspectors and Trustees of the several Ward and Public Schools to exert their united influence to abolish corporal punishment in every department of the Schools under their control." it was signed by Dr. William A. Walters Samuel A. Crapo John McLean and Wm. S. Duke. Though the various boards had encourage less severity beginning in 1823 it was not until twenty years after this resolve in 1870 that the practice was banned and which remained in effect despite attempts to reverse it over the years. Currently 19 states allow corporal punishment in schools. Rare. OCLC locates no copies of the first document and only one of the second: Trinity College. n.p. unknown books
1781025172London: Lockyer Davis 1781. First Edition. Hard Cover. Very Good. Rebound in modern paper covered boards with title on spine in black type. Interior is in excellent condition with no foxing or other age related problems. Very wide margins. An important author who worked with Diderot on his earlier work and contributed much philosophically to his time Size: 8vo - over 7¾" - 9¾" tall. Quantity Available: 1. Shipped Weight: 2 lbs 0 oz. Category: History; Antiquarian & Rare; Inventory No: 025172. <br/><br/> Lockyer Davis hardcover books
1940136687Morgantown WV: West Virginia University 1940. Paperback. iv 134 xiip plus appendices wraps 8.5x11 inches mimeographed on one sided only paper slightly browned minor staining on the fore edges charts map Appendix C tipped in rear now detached due to aging glue but present. Arthurdale West Virginia was the first New Deal planned resettlement community. Eleanor Roosevelt took a leading role in the establishment of Arthurdale and it was one of her major priorities. The New Deal administration built houses schools and public buildings in the community and helped organize educational actives for the resettled coal miners in this back-to-the-land and self-sufficiency effort. The federal government liquidated its holdings in Arthurdale in 1947 and private ownership replaced it. It now exists as a historic site. West Virginia University paperback books
1707219th c. Women Education Autograph letter signed by student Sarah Hooker at Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton MA. Dated Dec. 24 1844. Four pages folded from a single extra large sheet with original wax seal still attached. Letter addressed to her mother in Falmouth MA. Place identified as "Norton Seminary Boarding House" a boarding house for students at Wheaton Female Seminary now known as Wheaton College founded in Norton MA in 1834. The letter specifically mentions founder and President Mr. Wheaton: Cousin M's sickness is really quite an event. She does not seem to gain strength at all. Mr. Wheaton who loves her as if she were his own daughter is almost discouraged." She writes on her academic studies: "I have everything convenient for studying but good pens." <br/><br/>She also shares her concerns about the quality of her schoolwork and writing as well as social aspects of school life such as making friends and getting along with her roommate. "I dread my compositions here more than anything. Some of the young ladies write so beautifully. I am very glad you have decided to let me take lessons. I wanted to move on account of improving in my singing. I practice the scales. I am going to try to improve all my advantages to the utmost. When I first came here the girls the wild ones thought as I was "green" I would be a good tool for their jokes. So every moment there was a good opportunity one of them in particular would say or do something to make me appear confused. It would come frequently at table and I invariably made her appear exceedingly mean. Not intentional but in clearing myself I made her of course look blank.There does not seem to be one of the girls who dislike me. There are many first rate ones." "My room-mate I like a little better.She is a very pleasant girl. She loves to have fun and frolic as well as ever. Poor girl she has had to go through the fire like the rest of us." Not uncommon for this time portions of the document have crossed text in order to maximize writing space and indicating that the student wrote a longer letter than the page could hold. Original fold lines and light toning. In very good condition. A unique and personal piece of early Female Education history. unknown books
18701336087Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office 1870. First edition. Hardcover. Octavo; 549 55 pp. Hardcover in half morocco over marbled boards. Front hinge starting; boards rubbed at extremities; spine ends frayed; one front endpaper neatly excised; previous owners' pencil notes on second front endpaper as well as rear endpaper; interior slightly age-toned but clean. Good solid copy. Scarce. Shelved in case 8 1/2. 1336087. Shelved Dupont Bookstore. [Government Printing Office] hardcover books
1707619th c. Women's Education Autograph Letter Signed by a mother to a her daughter at Ipswich Female Seminary MA.1866: 4 pages folded from a single sheet. 8 x 5 in. Original mailing envelope with stamp and address. She writes on the girl's academic studies as well as the regulations with living in student life. ": "I am glad to hear from you so often & that you are getting along so well.I am satisfied that you try to have good lessons.I think it would be a good plan for you to go with a Latin class - if you will not have to work too hard." She also writes: "I do not expect you can always be perfect. I know that you will not break any of the rules of the school knowingly.I don't know as I understand what you wrote about Mrs Coats not allowing you to buy things to eat if it was that you should not go to the stores & buy treat I think she is perfectly right but I suppose she would have no objection to your having something from home." Ipswich Female Seminary was founded in Massachusetts in 1828 and the school's focus was on preparing girls for careers as teachers and missionaries. It offered a "rigorous curriculum" including study of English arithmetic geography chemistry human physiology history the natural sciences religion vocal music and calisthenics and placed an emphasis on "standards of personal conduct and discipline." As part of their preparation students practiced teaching with guidance from school instructors. Ink is slightly faded. A unique and personal piece of early Female Education history. unknown books
16725Denmark Academy Catalog 1876-1877. Denmark Iowa. Pamphlet /Volume 8 of 17: Founded in 1843. Denmark Academy was coeducational from its inception. At first a small local school it reopened in in 1852 with a new building and began to attract students from further reaches. The first graduating class consisted of only 2 students both female. One was Emma Cooper who went on to serve as "Lady Principal." Very rare with no copies of this program in any institution or library as per OCLC Worldcat.<br/><br/>Women's colleges proliferated in the mid- to late- 19th century to fill the void created by their exclusion from most institutions of higher education. The prevailing notion that women were too delicate for a rigorous academic education was openly challenged when Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 "Man's intellectual superiority cannot be a question until woman has had a fair trial.When we shall have had our colleges our professions our trades for a century a comparison then may be justly instituted." Young women were quick to step up to the challenge; as quickly as female colleges opened they filled up. This document dates from 5 years before Seneca Falls. unknown books
1707419th c. Women's Education Autograph Letter Signed by student at Young Ladies' Institute in Granville Ohio. 3 pages on folded sheet. 7 x 4.5 in. Dated "Tuesday 4th 1873." With Original mailing envelope with return address of the Institute printed and original postal stamp on envelope "Mar 3". A young female student "Allie" writes to her mother in Columbus Ohio. Handwritten in purple ink. Allie writes to her mother about her medical history amid an outbreak of Measles and Mumps at school. She writes in part: "I thought I would write and ask you if I have ever had the Measles as we have them in school now. If I have not I don't want to have them here. One of the girls is going home Saturday. She is exposed and has never had them & she is going home to have them. This is a mighty poor place to get sick. I never thought the Measles ended in such serious things as they do sometimes that is if you get cold. The girls were talking about the different way in which they effect persons. The mumps are raging too." She also writes on dormitory life and missing her family. "I am very homesick & got the blues but then that is nothing new as I have them all the time & I can't get rid of them mo matter what I do. My box is all gone but a little piece of bitters but we are not in a hurry to get rid of that for we will not get any more so good for a while. Those Quinces were splendid that I made much better than I expected they would be. When I wrote to England I sent them my picture which I had taken in this fall" The Young Ladies' Institute was chartered in 1858 and later developed into The Shepardson College for Women; in 1900 Shepardson was incorporated into Denison University. Original fold lines. In very good condition. This early letter is a unique and personal piece of early Female Education history. unknown books
1707719th c. Women Education Autograph Letter Signed from Student at Augusta Female Seminary in Staunton VA 1853. Letter from a female student to her father. 2 pages 8 x 6.5 in. Dated "Mar 2nd 1852". Comes with original mailing envelope. Envelope has blue seal from "Augusta Female Seminary" on rear flap. She writes on health updates and asks for her Mother to sew her some items. "Dr. Laud came up to see me yesterday and examined my foot. He said he would send me some bismuth and he wanted me to have my foot rubbed every night." The Augusta Female Seminary was founded in 1842; in 1923 it became Mary Baldwin College. The school maintained its original mission to serve women and in 2017 the institution welcomed its first residential men to campus joining day students and graduate students which had been co-educational since the mid-1970s. Today Mary Baldwin University is the oldest institution of higher education for women in the nation affiliated with the Presbyterian Church and it is home to the only all-female corps of cadets in the world. Writing on envelope and page 2 is very faded. In good condition. A unique and personal piece of early Female Education history. unknown books
1707919th c. Women Education Two-Way Autograph Letter Signed on 2 pages between the head of Bethlehem Female Seminary and the guardian of one student. 10 x 7 ¾ in. Dated April 12 1813 and April 22 1813. The original letter is from the Guardian of Eliza Climer student at Bethlehem Female Seminary to Rev. Andrew Benade "Director of the Seminary at Bethlehem" to send Ms. Climer to Philadelphia "as soon as a convenient opportunity offers." He receives a response written on the same sheet below the initial letter on April 22 1813 from the new director Louis Hillner. Stating in part: "I have delivered your letter to Miss Eliza Climer directly to her; but instead of her being pleased with her soon leaving the Seminary she lamented and wept and insisted upon me to write a few lines to you and beg of you whether you would give her leave to stay in this seminary for some time longer. As she rose my whole compassion I could not do otherwise as to give her the promise to write to you. I am of the opinion dear Sir that it would indeed be for her best if she could stay here at least six months longer and I am convinced that if it is in your power dear Sir you will readily grant the petition in her behalf. You will be so kind as to let me know your intention on this head as soon as is convenient to you and I shall then act according as you think proper." The Bethlehem Female Seminary is the earliest established institution of female education in the United States tracing its roots to 1742 when it was first established in by Countess Benigna Zinzendorf. The Seminary began as an elementary educational institution for young girls starting at ages five or six years old. In 1785 due to increasing demand the Bethlehem Female Seminary reorganized as a secondary educational institution that became known as the Moravian Female Seminary. The newly reorganized female seminary also became open to all denominations. In 1913 the Seminary officially became a college and in 1954 merged with a male institution to become the coeducational Moravian College. Weakened along original fold lines. Repairs in 9 places with archival paper repair tape. Text remains clear and legible. Overall in good to very good condition. An incredible and early Female Education history. unknown books
192925609European Origin: No Publisher Noted 1929. Containing approximately 90 black and white photographic images of varying sizes; from 1 1/4" square to 3 ½" x 5 ½" postcard size; most of them average about 2 ½" x 3 ½." Mostly these are candid photographs of the life of young boys and men in Austria and Germany with internal dating on some of the photographs of 1929 to 1935 and additional place and dating information on some. There are photos of children mostly young boys at class and later as young men on class trips hiking cycling; with adult chaperones; for the older boys the educational duties appear to be supervised by Christian religious male instructors only. Also containing a few group photographs of men students priests; and some church interior views. Some of the images have the photography studio rubber stamps on the reverse of the state pharmacy in Rottweil. Five of the images are commercial images of architectural landmarks in Vienna. The photographs are corner-mounted not glued into two hardcover albums with black paper pages side-string tied. One album measures 6" x 8 ¼" and the other 7 ½" x 10 ½" approx. size; both albums with art-deco themed cloth covers. Some edge tips wear and soiling to the album bindings; photographs are generally sharply taken detailed and in very good condition. Photograph Albums. Photo Album. Very Good. No Publisher Noted hardcover books
192431532Washington D.C.: S.i. 1924. First Edition. Slim octavo 23cm; beige printed wrappers stapled; 12pp. Pamphlet is vertically folded at center wrappers dusty edgeworn and nearly detached along spine fold; 7 brief passages marked in pencil; Good complete copy. Summary of details regarding the salary scale for the academic faculty of Howard University presented to their Board of Trustees. Includes extracts and correspondence from faculty to members of the board including the full text of Dean Kelly Miller's letter to Dr. Michael O. Dumas and hard data as to proposed pay increases for the various positions. OCLC finds a single copy Emory University. S.i. unknown books
1814041921Boston: T.B. Wait 1814. Early Edition. Hardcover. Good Condition. 1/4 cloth over marbled boards red morocco lettering piece. Wear at corners binding sounds. Moderately foxed throughout but completely legible. 868pp. Sabin 45674 Size: Octavo 8vo. Quantity Available: 1. Shipped Weight: Under 1 kilo. Category: History; Law & Criminal Studies. Inventory No: 041921. <br/><br/> T.B. Wait hardcover books
17131African American Education De facto Segregated classroom in Portland OR. Original silver gelatin print press photograph. May 12 1963. Image of a classroom of 25 African-American students and 1 White teacher. Original press clipping of image caption pasted to verso: "Are Negro students such as these sixth graders at Eliot school being denied equal educational opportunity and development by attending schools composed of nearly all Negroes A citizens' committee Monday night will ask the Portland school board to name a committee to study effects on students at de facts segregated schools." In 1964 Eliot School student body was 96% African-American children. Housing policy discrimination explained some of the skewed school demographics. Redlining restricted African-Americans from living in certain areas of the city keeping them within North and Northeast Portland where their children ended up going to school. Additionally Portland like many other cities across the country experienced the "white flight" of families moving out of cities into the suburbs. Around 1964 one year after this photo helped spark the question on de facto segregation the district began allowing African-American families to voluntarily transfer to other schools in the neighborhood in an effort to integrate. Original handwritten press annotation in blue ink along bottom margin recto not affecting image. Original filing stamp and handwritten annotations on verso. Light handling dents. In very good condition. unknown books
