[CUBA] SARDINHA, DennisBiblio.com
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197685000London & Port of Spain: New Beacon Books 1976. First Edition. First Impression cloth issue. Octavo 22.25cm; green paper-covered boards with titles stamped in gilt on spine; dustjacket; 45-80pp. This copy is from the library of to Puerto Rican editor translator and literary critic Roberto Marquez with his ink name at upper margin of title page and inscribed to him by the author on the front endpaper: "To Roberto / with love best wishes / Dennis / London 1976." About Fine in a Very Good dustjacket unclipped priced £2.50 gently spine-sunned and lightly shelfworn with a few tiny nicks small tears and attendant creases. <br /> <br /> Text of a lengthly lecture on Guillen by the Trinidadian author which he delivered to members of the Caribbean Artists Movement in London. It includes the text of an interview between Ciro Bianchi Ross and Guillen on the poet's 70th birthday. A nice association linking two Guillen scholars; Marquez has written extensively on Guillen and has translated several of his works faithfully from Spanish into English. 85000. New Beacon Books unknown
73964c.1875. . Albumen print Fair tonal range and in good condition pasted on original card.<br /> <br /> [c.1875]. unknown
73963c.1875. . Albumen print Fair tonal range and in good condition pasted on original card.<br /> <br /> [c.1875]. unknown
1916100842<p>Tall 8vo stiff paper stapled illustrated some in color 54 pp. Lacks wrappers and last page but the rest of the pamphlet including the double page map of Cuba is present a few small chips some minor aging and soiling. The 9 x 21 folding map of Cuba features its railroads. There are two attractive color photographs and seven full page black and white photographs illustrating the charms of Cuba. Smaller photos including one of a sleeping car are included in the text. A rail schedule some facts about Cuba and a few advertisements for hotels and cruise lines are also included.</p> Cuba Railroad Company,
72959c.1890. . Albumen print. Two-part panorama good tonal range and in good condition pasted on original card.<br /> <br /> [c.1890]. unknown
18385957Sancti Spiritus 1838. Good plus. Broadside measuring 12.5 x 17.5 inches. Previously folded. Light wear to edges and along old fold lines with a few small chips at edges. Moderate toning and soiling. An unrecorded broadside that prints statistics relating to agricultural production for the region of Sancti Spiritus in central Cuba during the late 1830s. For each municipality the broadside prints the number of property owners; ranches; land-grant farms; slaves; white employees; animals including mules donkeys cows and sheep; distances to transport and shipping hubs; and several other figures. In the bottom third of the broadside are printed the census figures from 1836 with the population totaling just over 40000 people and split into Black and white groups. Rather pointedly the figures for the white population are divided by gender while the figures for the Black population are divided by status free or slave. A very interesting statistical snapshot of a smaller rural region in colonial Cuba in 1838. Not in OCLC. unknown
18802592Havana: September 8 1880. Very good. Partially-printed broadside 6.5 x 8.25 inches completed in manuscript in Spanish and Chinese. Small marginal wormhole mild edge wear light toning. Ink stamp of the Consulado General at bottom-center. A scarce certificate issued in 1880 by the Chinese Consulate in Havana authenticating the registration and details of a Chinese laborer in Cuba. The printed form is completed in manuscript with the name of the recipient his age place of origin occupation and place of residence. The present examples were completed for a sixty-year-old laborer from Canton being called Pedro Pulido who was going to work and/or live at 48 Calle Figueroa in Havana. The printed text states that "El Cónsul General de China en la Habana certifica que blank ha hecho constar en este Consulado General ser súbdito de S.M. el Emperador de la China y como tal se halla inscrito en el Registro de dicho Consulado General segun número y filiacion anotados al márgen." The certificate is dated September 8 1880 and is stamped with the seal of the consulate in red and with the rubberstamped signature of the Consul General Lin Liang Yuan. The form are also bears two ink signatures in Chinese in the left margin a rare occurrence. An excellent document of the bureaucracy surrounding imported Chinese labor to Cuba in the last quarter of the 19th century. September 8 unknown
18636222Havana 1863. Good. Two partially printed broadsheets completed in manuscript 13 x 9 inches. Old folds wear at edges; some light worming slightly affecting text. Lightly soiled. A pair of documents recording the indenture of a Chinese national in Havana. The present documents contract the "Asiatico Francisco" as a cook to Don Jose Antonio Battle y Olle; the contract is dated June 28 1861 and is signed by "Francisco" in Chinese characters for a term of two years. At the end it is noted in manuscript that the Asiatico Francisco has completed the two years of his contract. The cedula is dated 1863 and indicates that Francisco is 33 years of age and now indentured for eight years as a "cocinero." An interesting pair of documents showing the continuing servitude of imported Chinese laborers particularly attractive for being signed in Chinese characters. unknown
18673977Havana: August 3 1867. Good. 7pp. on pre-printed folio forms completed in manuscript. Later staple. Moderate tanning and edge wear short separations along some folds. A manuscript manifest listing of 285 Chinese field hands who undoubtedly signed up as indentured laborers in their quest to escape the hardships of China in the vain hope of a better life in Cuba. The document begins "Lista de los colones que fueron embarcados en China." with the name of the French ship on which they were transported "barca francesa nombrada Ephrem" filled in and the captain noted as Boucand. The Chinese name of each "colono" settler is given and also their adopted Christian name as well as age ranging from 18 to 35 sex all men and profession all field laborers "campo". Seven of the listings have an "X" next to them along with "Falleco" passed away written in the column headed "Defuncion." Among those who died on the voyage is a 26-year-old man named Ping Chiong given the Christian name of "Angel."<br /> <br /> Formal slavery persisted in Cuba until 1886 but from the mid-19th century it was accompanied by a significant population working in indentured servitude. Cuba's massive sugar industry had consumed huge imports of African slaves in the 18th century. The abolition of the slave trade in 1808 vigorously enforced by the British Navy meant that a new source of labor was necessary. Indentured servitude became the predominant source for labor in the region. Unlike the earlier waves of European immigrants who travelled to the New World as indentured servants Asia was now the primary source. Between 1848 and 1874 125000 Chinese indentured servants arrived in Cuba alone - a figure outstripped only by the number who indentured themselves in California. A high percentage of these laborers were kidnapped from their homeland with many unable to survive the long passage from China to Cuba as the present document illustrates in sad detail. If these Chinese indentured laborers were fortunate enough to survive the voyage to Cuba these men quickly found out that their working life in the coffee and sugar fields was tantamount to slavery. August 3 unknown
18673978Macau: April 6 1867. Very good. 6pp. on large folio partially-printed forms printed in two columns completed in manuscript. Old folds with minor losses at a few spots along the horizontal fold. Five hundred and fifty Chinese laborers bound for Cuba aboard the Spanish galley "Cervantes" are listed by name with their age and town or city of origin given. The laborers hail from several different cities in China and their ages range from 18 to 36 with the majority of the men in their 20s. The end of the document is signed and dated on the final page by José de Aguilar the Spanish consul at Macau. The left side of the final page contains two separate lists one with five numbers and the other with four numbers keyed to the manifest. The list of five names has an "x" next to each number perhaps noting that these men did not in fact make the trip to Cuba; each "x" could also signal that these men died during the voyage from Macau to Cuba which was a common-enough occurrence that it is often noted on manifests of this kind.<br /> <br /> Chinese indentured servitude in 19th-century Cuba was an insidious practice tantamount to slavery which flourished in Cuba even after the abolition of the peculiar institution in the British West Indies. With their free source of labor no longer available plantation owners in Cuba looked elsewhere; and they looked east. From around 1848 to the mid-1870s over 100000 Chinese indentured servants made their way to Cuba often sailing to Cuba in large groups. Once they arrived Chinese laborers indentured themselves to Cuban masters for terms of at least five years. The treatment of Asian indentured servants in Cuba varied widely with reports of some particularly ill-treated laborers ending their lives by suicide. "Some contemporaries and later historians.have condemned the servitude of the Asians as a thinly disguised revival of slavery. These critics have pointed to a variety of abuses to which the Asians were subjected both legally - with severe laws governing absenteeism vagrancy and insufficient work - and illegally in the form of harassment by vicious masters. Yet other observers have defended the system as a boon to the Asian workers. Voluntary reindenture at the end of their terms was common among the migrants suggesting that many Asians judged the system to be beneficial to them" - Drescher.<br /> Seymour Drescher & Stanley L. Engerman editors A Historical Guide to World Slavery New York 1998 pp.239-42. April 6 unknown
18574502Havana 1857. Good plus. Small broadside form approximately 8.5 x 12.5 inches. Previously folded with some separation and minor loss along vertical fold. Completed in manuscript with additional manuscript docketing on blank verso. Ink burn causing additional minor loss in a few small areas. Light edge wear; some staining and offsetting; light tanning. A 19-century Cuban identification form known as a cedula filled out in manuscript to authorize the travel of an Asian indentured servant between plantations in early May 1857. The document was completed for a twenty-six-year-old Asian fieldhand named Chan who had signed a contract to work for one Gallego Toriceo to be transferred to the premises of "P. Soler y Compañia." Printed at the left and right edges are nine articles from an 1855 decree that outline the regulations for issuing and keeping such documents including the following: <br /> <br /> "Estas cédulas servirán de documentos de seguridad y además de licencias de transito para los colonos que se trasladen de un punto á otro de la Isla. Los patronos respectivos cuidarán de que los colonos no emprendan el viage sin licencia expresa suya que haràn constar al pié de la cedula. Si algun colono fuere hallado sin cédula deberá ser detenido y puesto à disposicion del Gobernador ó Capitan del partido mas inmediato e cual dará conocimiento al patrono dentro de segundo dia."<br /> <br /> On the otherwise blank verso is additional contemporary manuscript docketing concerning the transfer of the cedula and therefore the laborer concerned to the receiver located in Matanzas. A very interesting document of the bureaucracy and control of indentured servitude in Cuba during the mid-19th century. unknown
18841574Habana 1884. Good plus. 2496 i.e. 498pp. Quarto. Contemporary calf gilt a.e.g.; rebacked with original spine laid down. Corners repaired with later black buckram; boards scuffed spine chipped. Hinges cracked repaired with later cloth and renewed endpapers. Minor scattered foxing and toning to text. Accomplished in a neat highly legible hand. A very attractive manuscript translation into Spanish of Pierre Larousse's well-known work on eminent and historical personages Fleurs Historiques des Dames et des Gens du Monde in a contemporary Cuban gilt goatskin binding. The manuscript connects three figures in the upper social echelons of Cuban society. José Fernandez Pellon the scribe of this volume is recorded as the Grand Master of Cuba's freemasons lodge the Gran Logia Unida de Colón y la Isla de Cuba. The translator Aurelio Almeida helped to found the organization in 1875 and at this time served as the Lodge Secretary. The initials E.D. gilt at the foot of the spine and the dedicatory inscription "A Eugenia Desvernine" refer to Eugenia Desvernine y Galdós b. 1865 daughter of the famous Cuban pianist Pablo Desvernine and Carolina Galdós y Echániz. She was also the niece of Benito Pérez Galdós the Spanish realist novelist who some authorities consider only second in stature to Cervantes. A contemporary social register remarks that Eugenia was one of the most beautiful women in Cuba perhaps an inspiration for the painstaking production of this manuscript.<br /> <br /> The original work by Larousse was a loose collection of religious parables classical myths biographies of ancient and modern historical figures. The title of the manuscript advises that is an extract and in the brief introduction Almeida explains his selection process writing that "He suprimido algunos artículos sobre cosas muy sabidas de la historia sagrada; y otros sobre la de Francia que mencionan frases ó personas casi ninca citadas ó citades solamente por las escritores francesas." He also notes several alterations and additions more relevant to Spanish history saying "En Cambio he agregado algunos artículos sobre historia de España que no están en el original y he tomado unos pocos de otra obra del mismo Mr. Larousse y de libros diversos." The result is an original amalgam of biographies historical episodes and religious parables. Interestingly we find no recorded printed editions of Larousse's work in Spanish so that the present manuscript is also an entirely original work of translation. A fascinating product of the cultural interests and mores of Cuban high society near the end of the Spanish colonial period. unknown
19105377N.p. 1910. Very good. 11pp. of folio typescript totaling around 3000 words with a handful of manuscript corrections. Old folds minor marginal stains from old paper clips. An anonymously-written typescript promotional and business prospectus touting the Isle of Pines Isla de la Juventud off the southern coast of Cuba in the West Indies. The author writes of the many advantages of the Isle of Pines noting "This interesting little island is situated about 50 miles south of Cuba in the Caribbean Sea" with a population of "well-to-do Americans who own about 95% of the island and are after the other 5%." The author also states that "the laborers are mostly 'Pineros' or Isle of Pines people and are very efficient. They are kind and courteous and seem well pleased with the present situation. They are paid from $1.00 to $1.50 per day according to the grade of work." More of the usual language encouraging emigration to the island follows describing the agriculture climate soil government business environment the "old Spanish cities on the island" and more along with several pages of cost estimates for creating a working ten-acre fruit grove. The anonymous author mentions that he and his partner in Nueva Gerona J.A. Miller bought forty acres in Cuchilla Alta or Santa Ana Estates at $40 per acre from H.R. Leland "the sole representative in the United States." The author states he has given up his profession as an engineer in order to devote his time and energy to building a grapefruit grove and pineapple farm and to get others interested in investing with him "We will organize a Development Company with a Citrus Fruit Expert at its head.". He concludes by reiterating that "the country itself is a delightful place to live.raises a superior quality of fruit" and he is glad he "learned about it in time to enable us to enjoy all the benefits of the 'Great Ground Floor.' unknown
18883032Guanabacoa 1888. About very good. Broadside approximately 12 x 17 inches. Previously folded. Contemporary manuscript rubric and small ink stamp. small patch of ink burn causing separation along rubric line. A few tiny wormholes slightly affecting text. Light tanning minor foxing. An otherwise unrecorded 19th-century Cuban broadside decree announcing the rules for celebrations in Guanabacoa during "las fiestas de su Patrona" taking place on August 14 & 15 1888. The patron saint of Guanabacoa then a small town just outside Havana and now an outlying district of the city is Our Lady of the Assumption and August 15 is the Feast of the Assumption. This broadside prints eight articles the first of which allow games and "diversiones públicas" but prohibit games of chance and gambling of any kind and authorize the erection of food and drink stalls in public places that do not impede public traffic. Permission must be obtained from the municipal magistrates for balls and parties in private houses; shooting guns rockets and fireworks is still strictly forbidden but the lighting of torches is allowed during the saint's procession. Other rules regulate vehicular traffic cafés and restaurants horse races ball games and theatrical performances. A very interesting document of municipal regulation for popular religious events in Cuba during the late-19th century. unknown
19235672Havana 1923. Fair. 14pp. Original wrappers rear cover lacking. Contemporary ink notation to front cover reinforced at spine with later paper tanned. Text guillotined; leaves silked some chipping and wear at edges. A rare work arguing against railroad consolidation in Cuba and a victim of the New York Public Library's microfilming project. The subtitle reads "Exposicion que dirige al Congreso la Asociacion de Hacendados y Colonos." We locate only the microfilm copy at NYPL in OCLC no physical copies. unknown
18995378Puerto-Principe Cuba: Imp. el Progreso-Soledad January 11 1899. Good. Broadside 11.75 x 8.25 inches. Old folds minor chip at top left corner uniformly tanned and somewhat tender. An unrecorded general order issued in Spanish by the American "Jefe de Estado Mayor" Chief of Staff John E. McMahon during the military occupation of Cuba in the Spanish-American War. The order stipulates that a paragraph in a previous order prohibiting the auction of mortgaged property in the province of Puerto-Principe until January 1 1900 is hereby repealed and any further instructions on this matter will come from the Army's General Headquarters in Havana. McMahon issued several general orders during the American Army's occupation of Cuba and all appear to be rare. An interesting artifact from America's expansionist period with no other copies in OCLC auction history or the trade. Imp. el Progreso-Soledad, January 11 unknown
18723066Havana 1872. Very good. Manuscript form approximately 8.5 x 6.25 inches. Minor wear at edges; a few small worm holes. Contemporary ink stamp. Light tanning and offsetting. This 1872 manuscript form from a Havana jail the Celaduria de la Punta notes the death there of an "Asiatico" a Chinese indentured servant with the given name of Juan Macao and orders the transfer of the body to the mortuary for cremation. Indentured servants found themselves jailed for several reasons including suspicion of theft and other crimes recapture following runaway or mere suspicion of abandoning a contract. unknown
18784011Various places in Cuba 1878. Overall good. 29 leaves varying sizes. In contemporary ad hoc selfwrappers loosely stitched. Rear wrap tattered. Varying degrees of toning and wear. Scattered offsetting throughout. Fascinating gathering of documents and letters that present several cases of Cuban slaves applying for their own freedom in 1878. The gradual abolition of slavery on the island was enacted by Spain in 1880 but prior to this there were several bureaucratic mechanisms by which enslaved people could apply for or purchase their own manumission. The most interesting case amongst the present manuscript documents is the claim of a male slave that states he was born free in Puerto Rico but was somehow included in an inheritance as a young boy transported to Cuba and sold into slavery:<br /> <br /> "Un individuo que hoy se encuentran en la Cárcel del Alacranes y que dice nombrase Juhan ó José Julian Quintana y ser esclavo actualmente de Dn. Serapio Hernandez dueño de los ingenios Escorial ubicado en Colon y Sta. Rosa en Limonar y vecino de esa Ciudad calle del Rio ha solicitado se le restituyan un derechos de libertad por haber nacídolibre en Puerto Rico de donde á la edad de 5 ó 6 años le trajeron à esta Ysla y vencieron como esclavo."<br /> <br /> Interesting for the study of manumission in late-colonial Cuba and certainly worthy of further research. unknown
18792090Cuba 1879. About very good. 3pp. on a small bifolium. Contemporary ink stamps; accomplished in a fairly legible hand. Minor wear. A few small wormholes. Light tanning and dust soiling. Brief but very interesting manuscript report on the case of a missing Chinese indentured servant in the district of Alagranes near Matanzas. On February 18 1879 the owner of the plantation Juanita reports the missing person stating that there was a fire in his sugar cane field and it is thought that the laborer might have been burned. It seems that the present document serves to register the case with regional authorities in Matanzas and is a good record of the bureaucracy controlling indentured servitude in Cuba at this time. unknown
18095958Havana 1809. Good. 1p. on a bifolium. Printed form completed in manuscript. Previously folded. Small portion of upper left corner torn away and some scattered worming neither affecting text. Upper right of blank conjugate leaf clipped. Some scattered staining and offsetting with even tanning. An early 19th-century bill of sale for four slaves in Havana. The form completed in manuscript approves the sale by Doña Dolores Hernandez of "quatros negros" who had been brought from the coast of Africa on the slave ship Juno captained by Jabez Gibbs 1360 reales. It further states that the enslaved men are "Con la calidad de bozal alma en boca huesos en costal à uso de férias sin asegurar de tachas ni enfermedades mal de corazon gota coral de S. Lazaro ni orta qualesquiera que puede paceder la humana naturaleza porque toas corren por cuenta del comprador." The document is signed by the relevant authorities and dated March 26 1809. A good document of the slave trade in Cuba during the early 1800s. unknown
18503976Havana 1850. Good. 138pp. Folio. Stitched with remnants of leather binding along spine. A few blank leaves scattered throughout. Dampstaining and moisture damage at upper fore-edge of scattered leaves slightly affecting text. Moderate offsetting occasional ink burn. Light edge wear and tanning scattered foxing. An extensive list of slave owners in Cuba in the mid-19th century who were issued cedulas for their human property. Cedulas were integral documents for the identification and transportation of enslaved people in the bureaucracy of colonial Cuba and were usually required by the government. In the present manuscript the race and sex of the slaves being issued documents are usually identified -- Negra Negro mulata mulato Chino China e.g. -- though some are just entered as esclavos and there are several entries noted as dotaciones that is complements usually large of slaves on a plantation. The names of the owners are grouped alphabetically according to their first names generally though not in any strict order and the leaves of the manuscript are sometimes bound out of order. Often there are multiple listings of an owner most likely one for each slave in need of a cedula and in all there are approximately 2500 or more separate listings. The first leaf appears to be a model for the cedulas that were being issued to the listed slaveholders with dashes where the information on the slaves and slave owners is to be filled in. The entire document has the appearance of an index with numbers at the right side of each page indicating perhaps the page numbers in the master ledger where the original entry was made. Overall a fascinating and significant document. unknown
18984079Puerto Principe 1898. Good plus. Thirteen photographs each approximately 4 x 5 inches on original card mounts. A few images rather faded. Light edge wear to mounts. Some photo credits in negatives; each with manuscript caption on mount verso. An interesting group of thirteen photographs taken by an amateur military photographer while deployed to Cuba during the Spanish-American War. The photos are centered around Puerto Principe now Camaguey in Central Cuba an unusual location for photos of this genre and focus on natives local architecture and natural views. Crude credits in the negatives of several images attribute the photographs to "Woodward" or "W.D.W" of the "15th U.S.I.B" i.e. 15th U.S. Infantry Battalion . Each image is also captioned in manuscript on the rear of its mount as follows:<br /> <br /> 1 Rail Road Bridge Near Puerto Principe Cuba<br /> 2 Same Bridge Different View<br /> 3 Natives in Cuba<br /> 4 Military Headquarters<br /> 5 Soldier Camp in Cuba<br /> 6 Cuban Prison<br /> 7 Cemetery in Puerto Principe Cuba<br /> 8 Water Wagon in Cuba<br /> 9 Plaza in Puerto Principe Cuba<br /> 10 Residence in Cuba<br /> 11 Cuban Carriage<br /> 12 Summer Resort in Cuba<br /> 13 Military Headquarters Inside. unknown
19085578Havana: Moises V. Codina 1908. Good plus. Seven broadsides each approximately 22 x 7.25 inches plus one double bill measuring about 22 x 15 inches. One broadside printed in red and black. Previously folded. Scattered shallow tears from edges not affecting text with some tape repairs on blank versos. A group of eight playbills spanning eight consecutive days in July 1908 that advertise performances and events at the Gran Teatro Payret in Havana. The theater was built by its namesake Jaoquin Payret in 1877 on a corner across from the Villanueva Railway Station now the Capitolio Nacional de la Habana and initially focused on opera and high-class performing arts to compete directly with other established theaters in the Cuban capital. The building had five floors and a capacity of 2300 but the upper balconies collapsed in 1882 after which the theater changed hands and began to showcase more varied popular offerings.<br /> <br /> These playbills publicize an array of performers including the ballet dancer Millas; a cabaret artist Eline Oreo; a magician and telepath Sidney Richards; Troupe Montrose a group of acrobats an Italian dance troupe Les Casettas; two clowns named Pito and Chocolate; and many others. Notably the programming also includes a heavy rotation of short and feature films such as La Electricidad Liquida 1907; El Inagarrables Pick Pocket 1908; Victima de la Ciencia 1907; En Chine: Voyage sur le Canal Impérial 1908; and Venganza del Dervich 1907. The playbill for Thursday July 16 with its headline and date in red proclaims the debut of Trouppe Merodia a seven-person group of acrobats and cyclists as well as the Cuban premiere of a film titled La Caza de Oso The Bear Hunt.<br /> <br /> The theater was closed by hurricane damage in 1926 but reopened as a cinema in 1935 and in the following years became known as the "Cathedral of Spanish Cinema." The building again fell into disuse and disrepair in the decades following the Cuban Revolution but was restored in 2008. A very interesting group that gives a great sense of day-to-day operations at one of Cuba's most important and historic theaters. Moises V. Codina unknown
18282401Gibraltar 1828. Good. 3pp. on a bifolium. Previously folded with separations. Tanned somewhat brittle. An interesting example of official communications concerning trade between colonial Cuba and the Spanish mainland. In this manuscript letter date March 14 1828 the new Spanish Vice Consul in Gibraltar writes to the Governor General of Cuba concerning several topics. These include the regulation of shipping to Cuba and by implication the rest of the Caribbean through Gibraltar particularly of French ships leaving Mediterranean ports. Also discussed is keeping track of individuals particularly merchants going to Cuba by means of identification papers and other documents. The consul also reminds the colonial government of the importance of documenting duties and tariffs paid for shipping cargo and goods. unknown
17965074Mexico City: May 13 1796. About very good. Broadside 17 x 12.25 inches. Old fold lines. Slight separation and loss at center fold slightly affecting a few letters. Minor wear else. Proclamation made by the Viceroy of New Spain authorizing trade between Cuba and the United States. The Caribbean was in tumult in the 1790s with Toussaint L'Ouverture overthrowing the French colonial government and outlawing slavery. Likewise in Cuba there was a similar revolt against slavery demanding abolition and equality -- both revolutions were of substantial concern to slaveholders in the American South. Specifically the present decree mentions flour and other vital foodstuffs as a measure against shortages in Cuba intended to prevent further trouble. "Para precaver la escasez de viveres y con especialidad de harinas que verosimilmente causaria la guerra concedio El Rey Permiso por Real Orden de 25 Junio de 93. para que los Anglo-Americanos.pudiesen conducirlos a la Havana pagando los derechos los puertos habilitados de España." The Viceroy at the time was Don Miguel de la Grua Talamanca de Carini y Branciforte First Marques de Branciforte. The Marques was notoriously corrupt even for colonial Spain having gained position through marriage to the Prime Minister's sister. He made sure to make some profit on everything that passed through his hands including taking advantage of the War in Cuba to remove the French from their lands and sell them to his benefit. A rare and interesting decree. We locate a single copy in OCLC at the University of Minnesota. May 13 unknown
