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PASTEUR, (LOUIS). - THE DISCOVERY OF ANAEROBIC LIFEBiblio.com

Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygène libre et déterminant des fermentations.

RITTER, (JOHANN W). - THE DISCOVERY OF "CHEMICAL RAYS" - ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND RADIATIONBiblio.com

Announcing his discovery of ultraviolet light "Von den Herren Ritter und Bückmann. - - Am 22sten Febr. habe ich auch auf der Seite des Violetts im Farbespectrum ausserhalb desselben Sonnenstrahlen angetroffen.

180143492Halle Rengerschen Buchhandlung 1801. Without wrappers as published in "Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 7 Viertes Stück. The entire issue offered =Heft 4. Pp. 387-528. Ritter's announcement p. 525. With titlepage to volume 7. Clean and fine. Titlepage a bit shavedin inner margin. First printing of Ritter's announcement of his discovery of ultraviolet light in a halfpage letter addressed to Gilbert's Annalen. With that discovery it became clear that visible light represents no more than a fraction of a continous spectrum.A year earlier in 1800 William Herschel discovered infrared light. This was the first time that a form of light beyond visible light had been detected. After hearing about Herschel's discovery of an invisible form of light beyond the red portion of the spectrum Ritter decided to conduct experiments to determine if invisible light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum as well. He had heard that blue light caused a greater reaction in silver chloride than red light did. Ritter decided to measure the rate at which silver chloride reacted to the different colors of light. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum. He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum and found that it showed little change in the red part of the spectrum but darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond the violet end of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his amazement this region showed the most intense reaction of all. This showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. This new type of light which Ritter called Chemical Rays later became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation the word ultra means beyond. - Parkinson Breakthroughs: 1801 P. unknown

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RAYLEIGH, LORD (JW STRUTT) and WILLIAM RAMSAY - THE DISCOVERY OF ARGON J WBiblio.com

Argon a New Constituent of the Atmosphere. Received and Read January 31 1895.

189542221London Harrison and Sons 1895. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" Vol. 186 - I Series A. Pp. 187-241 a. 8 textillustrations apparatus. Fine and clean. First printing of this importent paper in the history of chemistry Lord Rayleigh's most famous discovery announcing the discovery of this new gas the first finding of one of the rare gases inert gases having unusual properties and forming a distinct group in the periodic table and all with zero valency."The original paper in the "Philosophical Transactions" will undoubtly rank as a classic the investigation having been a particularly brilliant ine." Ernst von Meyer in History of Chemistry. For this discovery Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay received the Nobel Prize 1904.After having made several measuring of the densities of gases "Rayleigh came across a curious puzzle. With oxygen he always obtained the same density regardless of how the oxygen might be produced whether from one particular compound from a second compound or from the air. The situation was different with nitrogen. The nitrogen he obtained from air constantly showed a slightly higher density than the nitrogen he obtained from any of various compounds. Rayleigh could think of several ways in which the nitrogen obtained from air might be contaminated but none of the possibilities checked out experimentally. He was so frustrated that he went so far as to write to the journal "Nature" asking for suggestions. Ramsay a brilliant Scottish chemist asked permission to tackle the problem and received it. The upshot was that a new gas somewhat denser that nitrogen was discovered to exist in the atmosphere. It was named argon and it was the first of a series of rare gases of unusual properties whose existence had never been suspected."Asimow.Dibner Heralds of Science No. 50 - Neville Historical Chemical Library vol. II p.358. unknown

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RAYLEIGH, LORD (JW STRUTT) and WILLIAM RAMSAY - THE DISCOVERY OF ARGON J WBiblio.com

Argon a New Constituent of the Atmosphere. Received and Read January 31 1895.

189549207London Harrison and Sons 1895. 4to. Orig. full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. Blindtooled covers. First corner a bit bumped. In "Philosophical Transactions" Vol. 186 - I Series A. XIV26024 pp. Entire volume offered. The paper: p. 187-241 a. 8 textillustrations apparatus. The title-page with faint brownspots. Otherwise internally clean and fine. First printing of this importent paper in the history of chemistry Lord Rayleigh's most famous discovery announcing the discovery of this new gas the first finding of one of the rare gases inert gases having unusual properties and forming a distinct group in the periodic table and all with zero valency."The original paper in the "Philosophical Transactions" will undoubtly rank as a classic the investigation having been a particularly brilliant ine." Ernst von Meyer in History of Chemistry. For this discovery Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay received the Nobel Prize 1904. The volume also contains WILLIAM CROOKES "On the Spectra of Argon" OSBORNE REYNOLD "On the Dynamical Theory of Incompressible Viscous Fluids and the determination of the Criterion" KARL PEARSON "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. - II. Skew Variations in Homogenous Materials" etc.After having made several measuring of the densities of gases "Rayleigh came across a curious puzzle. With oxygen he always obtained the same density regardless of how the oxygen might be produced whether from one particular compound from a second compound or from the air. The situation was different with nitrogen. The nitrogen he obtained from air constantly showed a slightly higher density than the nitrogen he obtained from any of various compounds. Rayleigh could think of several ways in which the nitrogen obtained from air might be contaminated but none of the possibilities checked out experimentally. He was so frustrated that he went so far as to write to the journal "Nature" asking for suggestions. Ramsay a brilliant Scottish chemist asked permission to tackle the problem and received it. The upshot was that a new gas somewhat denser that nitrogen was discovered to exist in the atmosphere. It was named argon and it was the first of a series of rare gases of unusual properties whose existence had never been suspected."Asimow.Dibner Heralds of Science No. 50 - Neville Historical Chemical Library vol. II p.358. hardcover

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LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN, PAUL EMILE - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT GALLIUMBiblio.com

Caractéres chimique et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau métal le Gallium découvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte vallée d'Argelès Pyrénées. Séance du Lundi 20 Septembre 1875. Sur quelques propriétés dy gallium. Séance du Lundi 6.

187547271Paris Gauthier-Villars 1875. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 81 No 12 and No 23. Pp. 485- 508 a. 1065- 1148. 2 entire issues offered. Boisbaudran's papers: pp. 493-495 a. pp. 1100-1105. First printing of the paper in which Boisbaudran announced his discovery of Gallium together with the first printing of the paper in which he by a series of experiments proved that Gallium the metal that he had discovered amd named in honour of France is a true element. A larger paper on the discovery was published in 1877 in "Annales de Chimie et Physique". In 1879 Bausbaudran was awarded the Davy Medal for his discovery of Gallium. "In 1875 Boisbaudran spectroscopically discovered a new element gallium which he found in zinc blende from a mine in Hautes-Pyrénées. Continuing his work in Wurtz’s laboratory in Paris he was a able to obtain the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in potassium hydroxide. Gallium Boisbaudran realized was the "eka-aluminum" predicted by Mendeleev and was the first of Mendeleev’s predicted elements to be isolated. Boisbaudran’s finding thus provided valuable evidence for the validity of Mendeleev’s periodic classification of the elements."DSB."Lecoq de Boisbaudran announced his discovery by spectroscopic analysis of the new element gallium. Mendeleev had first predicted its existence and had named it eka-aluminium. The discovery was made in the author's private laboratory in a specimen of zinc blende from the Pierrefitte mine in the Angelès Valley in the Hautes Pyrénées. He describes how on the evening of 27 August 1875 he detected the existence of this new element which he named "gallium" in honor of France Gallia. A month later he "performed in Wurtz's laboratory in Paris.a series of experiments to prove that gallium.is a true element"Weeks. he discusses how he eventually isloated small amounts of pure metallic gallium and determined its physical and chemical properties. The paper the paper offered first describes gallium compounds e.g. ammonium gallium alum chloride oxide and sulphate."Roy G. Neville II p. 29. unknown

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COURTOIS, BERNARD ET AL - THE DISCOVERY OF IODINEBiblio.com

Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck. Annoncée par M. Clément. - Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance découverte par M. Courtois. - Note Sur la combinaison de l'iode avec l'oxigène; Par M. Gay-Lussac. - Lettre de M. Humphry .

181343081Paris J. Klostermann 1813. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. A few scratches to binding. In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie" Tome 88. - 336 pp. the entire volume offered. Pp. 304-310 311-318 319-321 a. 322-329. Scattered brownspots. First printing of this paper announcing the discovery of Iodine. Courtois found this substance which he suspected to be a new element while burning algae in order to obtain sodium and potassium compounds. Although Courtois discovered the element in 1811 the announcement of it was not made until two years later after he had turned it over to Charles Desormés and Nicolas Clément."The first publication on iodine are somewhat confusing. Courtois's research is found in a paper attributed to him the paper offered but actually the work of Clément. was followed by an anonymous article the second paper offered. Gay-Lussac. who repeated and extended Courtios's work was responsible for this paper. Courtois himself published nothing. These two articles were immediately followed by short contributions of Gay-Lussac and Humphry Davy on the new element third and fourth paper offered. Gay-Lussacs views none too flattering to Davy on the history ofthe discovery of iodine appeared in his "Mémoire sur l'iode" 1814."DSB III p. 455. - Weeks "Discovery of the Elements" pp. 257-262.The volume contains further importent papers in chemistry Guyton de Morveau "Sur la chaux maigre" "Sur le dissolvant des pierres biliaires" an importent paper by Chevreul on animal fats "Recherches chimiques sur plusieurs corps gras et particulierement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis" Berzelius's papers "Mémoires sur la compositions des fluides animaux" first edition in French Suite first edition Parmentier etc. etc. unknown

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CURIE, JACQUES et PIERRE - THE DISCOVERY OF PIEZOELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Développement par pression de l'èlectricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées. Note de MM. Jacques et Pierre Curie présentée par M. Friedel.

188047008Paris Gauthier-Villars 1880. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 91 No 5 entire issue offered. Pp. 251-310. The Curie's paper: pp. 294-295. First apperance of the paper in which the two brothers announced their discovery of the Piezoelectric Effect as they observed how an electric potential appeared across crystals of quartza and of Rochelle salt when pressure was applied to them. The potential varied directly with the pressure and they named the phenomenon Piezoelectricity meaning "to press" Greek. Crystals with piezoelectric properties form an essential portion of sound-electronics devices such as microphones and record-players."The applications of piezoelectric crystals are innumerable; one of the most important is their use in frequency stabilization of oscillating electromagnetic cirasciots for radio broadcasting stations. They are used in most piezometers for measuring with great precision either very strong pressure variations such as those of a cannon at the moment of firing or very weak ones such as artery pulsations. These applications have led to the creation of a new industry the manufacture of large "mono" such as quartz obtained hydrothermally around 500°C. under high water pressures or crystals such as Rochelle salt obtained from aqueous solutions. These two substances were mentioned in the Curie brothers’ report announcing the discovery of piezoelectricity." DSB."The first experimental demonstration of a connection between macroscopic piezoelectric phenomena and crystallographic structure was published in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie. Their experiment consisted of a conclusive measurement of surface charges appearing on specially prepared crystals tourmaline quartz topaz cane sugar and Rochelle salt among them which were subjected to mechanical stress. These results were a credit to the Curies' imagination and perseverance considering that they were obtained with nothing more than tinfoil glue wire magnets and a jeweler's saw." Piezo Systems Inc.Magee "A Source Book in Physics" p. 547 ff. unknown

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FARADAY, MICHAEL - THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION (PMM 308) - GERMAN VERSIONBiblio.com

Experimental-Untersuchungen über Elektricität. Frei übersetzt aus dem Philosop. Transact. f. 1832. Erste- Zweite Reihe. § I-V. I. Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme. II. Electricitätserregung durc Magnetismus. III. Neuer elektrischer Zustand der M.

183244146Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1832. Contemp. hcalf. raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Band 25. Entire volume offered. VIII648 pp. and 6 folded engraved plates. Small stamps on verso of titlepage and plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 91-142 a. pp. 142-186. with 3 folded engraved plates. Clean and fine. First German editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity constituting the first 2 papers of his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity Faraday here finds the opposite effect generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator second paper. THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS."Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force.by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless whether the magnet was within the coil or not there was no current.Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction.It was to lead to great things but this was not apparent."Asimov."Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power teælephony wireless telegraphy televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source and vice versa." PMM 308.Horblit 29 - Milestones 62. - Dibner 64. - PMM 308.The volume contains further notable papers. Elie de Beaumont "Zweiter geologischer Brief.an A.v. Humboldt über die relative Alter der Gebirgszüge" pp. 1-58 a. 2 plates one handcoloured papers by Döbereiner E. Lenz Moser Mitscherlich de Saussure J. Dumas F.E. Neumann Gay-Lussac Johannes Müller "Beobachtungen zur Analyse der Lymphe des Bluts und des Chylus" pp. 513-590. hardcover

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HENRY, JOSEPH - DISCOVERY OF SELF-INDUCTIONBiblio.com

Facts in reference to the Spark &c from along conductor uniting the poles of a Galvanic Battery.

183547003Philadelphia Fraklin Institute 1835. 8vo. Later full green cloth. Tome-and titlelabels in leather with gilt lettering on spine. In: "Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania. Edited by Thomas P. Jones" Vol. XV. New series. Engraved frontisp. 2446 pp. 2 folded engraved plates and 2 folded engraved maps. Entire volume offered. Henry's announcement: pp. 169-70. A stamp to verso of frontispiece Library of Congress duplicate stamp. First printing of this importent paper the first to describe in detail how the phenomena of Self-Induction was discovered. Henry discovered the induction phenomena - how an electric current in one coil may set up a current in the other through the development of the magnetic field - independently of Faraday but Faraday was first to publish on electromagnetic induction. Henry's experiments with induction led him to his importent discovery of SELF-INDUCTION which is the phenomenon in which a change in electric current in a coil produces an induced emf in the coil itself. This phenomenon was also discovered inependently by Faraday but this time Henry had published first. The basic unit of inductance was to be called "the Henry". Relevant to the controversy between Faraday and Henry is the following statement by A D Bache Secretary of the American Philosophical Society introducing an abstract of Henry in J Franklyn Inst. 1835 pp. 169-70 H. Norman 1053 and the paper offerd: "A memoir on this subject has been since submitted to the Society containing an extension of the subject the primary fact in relation to which was observed by Professor Henry as early as 1832 and announced by him in the American Journal of Science. Mr. Faraday having recently entered upon a similar train of observations the immediate publication of the accompanying is important that the prior claims of our fellow countryman may not be overlooked."Spark Museum.Magee "Source Book in Physics" p. 515. hardcover

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RAOULT, F-M (FRANCOIS MARIE). - DISCOVERY OF RAOULT'S LAWSBiblio.com

Loi générale de congélation des dissolvants Mémoire de. Extrait par l'auteur. Loi générale des tensions de vapeur des dissolvants. 2 Papers.

188247024Paris Gauthier-Villars 1882. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 95 No 22 a. Tome 104 No 21 entire issues offered. Pp. 1017-1076 and pp. 1387-1462. Raoult's papers: pp. 1030-33 tome 95 and pp. 1430-1433 tome 104. First appearance of Raoult's two importent papers in which described a method for finding the molecular weight of an organic compound by the determination of the lowering of the freezing point of water that resulted from dissolving that compound in water and the law governing the relation between solutes and vapor pressure."Then in 1882 F.-M. Raoult published his results on the effects of nondissociating organic solutes from which he deduced a general law controlling the lowering of freezing points the first paper offered. Four years later he extended this work to show the effect of solutes on vapor pressure the second paper offered. Having established the effect of nondissociating compounds he was in position to show that salts produced an eeffect which though anomalous could nevertheless be explained by the supposition that a dissolved molecule broke up into other molecules. This work was of great value in supplying a new method for determining molecular weights since the depression of freezing point and vapor pressure as well a the related rise in boiling point later discovered are proportional to the moleculat concentrations ofthe solutions; it was of equal value in supporting the ideas of van't Hoff on osmotic pressure. With the announcement of the dissociation theory of Arrhenius the anomalies were explained and the full significance of the generalizations of Raoult was recognized. Raoult published the formulations of his laws in the "Comptes Rendus" for 1882 and 1887 the papers offered" Leicester a. Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry" pp. 471 ff. unknown

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BROWN, ROBERT - THE DISCOVERY OF "BROWNIAN MOTION"Biblio.com

Mikroskopische Beobachtungen über die im Pollen der Pflanzen enthaltenen Partikeln und über das allgemeine Vorkommen activer Molecüle in organischen und unorganischen Körpern; Unterdem Titel: "A brief Account of Microscopical Observations made in th.

182843318Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1828. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 14 Zweites Stück. =Jahrgang 1828 zehntes Stück. Pp. 191-306 a. 3 engraved plates. the entire issue offered Heft 2 together with the titlepage to 14. Band. Brown's paper: pp. 294-313. Clean and fine. Small stamp on verso of titlepage. First appearance in German of this monumental paper in atomic theory and kinematics as it was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction from abstract principles."In 1827 as he was viewing a suspension of pollen in Water under the microscope he noted that the individual grains were moving about irregularly. This he thought was the result of the life hidden within the pollen grains. However when he studied dye particles indubitably nin-livin suspended in water he found the same erratic motion. This has been called "Brownian motion" ever since and Brown could merely report on the observation. He had no explanation for it. Nor had anyone else until the development of the kinetic theory of gases by men such as Maxwell a generation later. It seemed plain. after Maxwell and especially after the work of Einstein and Perrin a half century after Maxwell that the Brownian Motion was actually a visible effect of the fact that water was composed of particles. It was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction." Asimov.The issue contains other importent papers by C. Naumann G. Magnus Th. Saussure "Kohlensäuregas in der Atmosphäre" andothers.PMM: 290 the English paper from 1828 - Sparrow Milestones of Science No 31. - Magie "A Source Book in Physics p. 251-255. - Dibner Heralds of Science No 156. unknown

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