Einstein

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Einstein AlbertABAA

Zur allgemeine Relativitatstheorie. Offprint from S. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Weil 131

EINSTEIN ALBERTABAA

Zur allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie On the General Theory of Relativity

19152125Berlin: Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1915. First edition. Original wrappers. Fine. FIRST PRINTING IN ORIGINAL WRAPPERS IN FINE CONDITION of Einstein's famous November 4 1915 paper introducing his new version of general relativity. By autumn 1915 Einstein experienced a "crisis" in his work on his gravitational equations and the general theory of relativity forcing him to abandon several key elements of his earlier work. In October 1915 "Einstein shifted his focus from the physical strategy which emphasized his feel for the basic principles of physics and returned to a greater reliance on a mathematical strategy which made use of the Riemann and Ricci tensors. 'Einstein's reversal' writes John Norton 'parted the waters and led him from bondage into the promised land of general relativity'. "The result was an exhausting four-week frenzy during which Einstein wrestled with a succession of tensors equations corrections and updates that he rushed to the Prussian Academy in a flurry of four Thursday lectures. It climaxed with the triumphant revision of Newton's universe at the end of November 1915" Isaacson. In this November 4th paper and lecture On the General Theory of Relativity Einstein presented "to the plenary session of the Prussian Academy a new version of general relativity" explaining "that he had 'completely lost confidence' in the equations he proposed in October 1914. His answers were still not entirely right. There was still one flaw a much smaller one which he eliminated three weeks later. But the road lay open. He was lyrical. 'No one who has really grasped it can escape the magic of this new theory'" Pais. Three weeks later - on November 25 1915 - Einstein did indeed eliminate the flaw and "presented to the physics-mathematics section of the Prussian Academy of Sciences a paper in which 'finally the general theory of relativity is closed as a logical structure'. The work is done" Pais. See: Isaacson Einstein pp. 211-221 and Pais Subtle is the Lord pp.250-261. Note: Einstein's November 11 paper was titled "Zur allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie II" but rather than a continuation or advancement of the November 4 paper it was a step backwards introducing a serious mistake that he would correct by November 25. IN: Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin: Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1915. Vol. 44. 778-786. Quarto original wrappers; custom box. A fine copy. RARE. Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften unknown books

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Einstein AlbertABAA

Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption. WITH: Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewgung und die Tragheit der Energie

1906602Leipzig: Barth 1906. 1st Edition. Hardcover. Fine. FIRST EDITION of two important Einstein papers including one of the two papers on his Noble Prize winning work on the photoelectric effect. On the Theory of Light Production and Light Absorption: A continuation and development of Einstein's revolutionary first paper in 1905 on the photoelectric effect "On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light". "In a companion paper to "On a Heuristic Point." published in 1906 Einstein exposed appeal to the quantum as fundamentally counter to the ethos of classical physics: 'the theoretical bases on which Planck's radiation theory rests are different from those of Maxwell's theory'. Planck had not initially intended to quantify light-radiation itself but Einstein demonstrated that his own 'light-quantum hypothesis' was implicit in Planck's earlier work. In viewing radiation not as a continuous wave but as composed of small packets of energy later called photons Einstein was again shaking the foundations of classical physics" Honner The Description of Nature 31. Particle Physics: One Hundred Years of Discoveries: "Corpuscular-wave dualism for photons. Explanation of the photoelectric effect using the quantum hypothesis of Planck. Nobel prize to A. Einstein awarded in 1921 'for services to Theoretical Physics and especially of he law of the photoelectric effect.'" Weil 12. The Principle of Conservation of Motion of the Center of Gravity and the Inertia of Energy: Einstein's further development of E=mc2. Einstein boldly uses his relationship to insist that the conservation of mass is a special case of the conservation of energy and broadens the law to include not only mechanical but electromagnetic processes as well. Weil 13. IN: Annalen der Physik Vol. 20 pp. 199-206; 627-633. Leipzig: Barth 1906. Octavo modern full green morocco. Rippling to the first few leaves of volume not affecting Einstein papers. Provenance: with library stamp on series title from the prestigious Gmelin Institute after 1996 part of the Max Planck Institute. Very handsomely bound. Barth hardcover books

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EINSTEIN Albert 1879 1955; FEYNMAN Richard Phillips 1918 1988.ABAA

"Generalized Theory of Gravitation." with:: FEYNMAN Richard Phillips 1918-1988. "Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics." In: Reviews of Modern Physics Vol. 20 Numbers 1 and 2 January and April 1948 pp. 35-39 and 367-387.

1948S10249Lancaster:: American Physical Society 1948. 1948. Large 8vo. 266 x 205 mm. iv 728 pp. Frontis. port. of Robert Andrews Millikan photos figs. tables. Later orange cloth gilt-stamped spine title; spine faded. Very good. TWO PAPERS FROM THE TWO GIANTS OF 20TH CENTURY PHYSICS AS THEY WERE ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN ONE COLLECTED VOLUME. Einstein's "Generalized Theory of Gravitation" is considered the last principal work issued by the 20th Century's premiere scientist. Schilpp-Shields. Einstein: "A new presentation. . . which constitutes a certain progress in clarity as compared with previous presentations." from the Introduction. Feynman: "At first Feynman's fundamental article RMP 1948 did not arouse much interest among theoretical physicists who were not familiar with Feynman's new approach to doing quantum mechanics. As Feynman recalled: 'At the Shelter Island Conference. . . they asked me if I would explain my path-integral method for doing quantum mechanics so I did. I must have been preparing the manuscript for my paper RMP 1948 so that everything was organized and I explained it. It's hard to pay attention to some new idea and they didn't pay much attention to it.' However nowadays Feynman's RMP 1948 paper is one of the most well-known and widely cited papers; it is one of the cornerstones of modern theoretical physics." Mehra. "It is a curious historical fact that modern quantum mechanics began with two quite different mathematical formulations: the differential equation of Schroedinger and the matrix algebra of Heisenberg. . . This paper will describe what is essentially a third formulation of non-relativistic quantum theory. This formulation was suggested by some of Paul Dirac's remarks concerning the relation of classical action to quantum mechanics. A probability amplitude is associated with an entire motion of a particle as a function of time rather than simply with a position of the particle at a particular time." from the Introduction. Provenance: David Middleton b. 1920 noted pioneer in the field of statistical communication theory last name gilt-stamped on spine. Einstein: Boni-Russ-Laurence 258; Schilpp-Shields 308 also see p. 758; Wasson Nobel Prize Winners p. 289-294; Weil 222 marked with asterisk by Weil. Feynman: Gleick Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman p. 249; Mehra The Beat of a Different Drum: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman p. 200; Wasson Nobel Prize Winners p. 316-319. American Physical Society, 1948. hardcover books

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Einstein Albert and Paul EhrenfestABAA

Zur Quantentheorie des Strahlungsgleichgewichts. Offprint

1923432881923. Einstein Albert 1879-1955 and Paul Ehrenfest 1880-1933. Zur Quantentheorie des Strahlungsgleichgewichts. Offprint from Zeitschrift fÃ¼r Physik 19 1923. 301-306pp. Original printed self-wrappers. 230 x 157 mm. Light toning but very good. First Edition Offprint Issue. In 1916 after publishing his great work on general relativity Einstein returned to the question of blackbody radiation. In November 1916 he wrote to his friend Besso that "a splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation" quoted in Pais p. 405 one that led him to a new derivation of Planck's radiation law and convinced him of the reality of light-quanta photons. After publishing these results in three papers culminating with the famous "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung" 1917 Einstein kept looking for "new ways in which the existence of photons might lead to observable derivations from the classical picture" Pais p. 413. He found none until 1923 when Arthur Compton and Peter Debye independently derived the relativistic kinematics for the scattering of a photon off an electron at rest. The work of Compton and Debye led Wolfgang Pauli to extend Einstein's work of 1917 to the case of radiation in equilibrium with free electrons see Pais p. 414n. "Pauli examined the requirements of detailed balance under Lorentz transformations and found that scattering of light by free electrons must include a term of a form which we would now call stimulated emission . . . Einstein and Ehrenfest then showed that Pauli's results could be obtained by an extension of Einstein's 1917 paper with the unnecessary specialization to discrete energy levels removed . . . The core of Einstein's argument is that the scattering process should be broken into two parts: the absorption of energy from radiation of frequency 1 and the emission of energy as radiation of frequency 2" Lewis p. 42. Lewis "Einstein's derivation of Planck's radiation law" American Journal of Physics 41 1973: 38-44. Pais Subtle is the Lord ch. 21. Weil Albert Einstein Bibliography 138. . unknown books

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Einstein Albert and Paul EhrenfextABAA

Quantentheoretische Bemerkungen zum Experiment von Stern und Gerlach

1922432871922. Einstein Albert 1879-1955 and Paul Ehrenfest 1880-1933. Quantentheoretische Bemerkungen zum Experiment von Stern und Gerlach. Offprint from Zeitschrift fÃ¼r Physik 11 1922. 31-34pp. 229 x 155 mm. Original printed self-wrappers. Light toning but fine otherwise. First Edition Offprint Issue. In 1922 the physicists Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach conducted a now-classic experiment in which a beam of silver atoms was streamed through an inharmonious magnetic field in order to observe the atoms' deflection patterns. Rather than a random and continuous distribution as predicted by classical theory the atoms passing through the field were deflected up or down by a specific amount demonstrating that they had intrinsically quantum properties. The Stern-Gerlach experiment corroborated the Bohr-Sommerfeld model of the atom and strongly influenced later developments in 20th century physics. However the experiment also created some serious difficulties for quantum physicists in the period before the rise of the "new" quantum mechanics. Einstein and Ehrenfest addressed one of these difficultiesâ€”connected with space quantizationâ€”in their joint paper in which "they dealt in particular with the problem of how the orbits of the atom would obtain their discrete directions which they exhibit while passing through the inhomogeneous magnetic field. Under the assumption that the mechanism causing the orientation was provided by the interaction with the radiation field Einstein and Ehrenfest estimated that for a field strength of 10000 G a change in the direction of the orbit would take place in roughly 1011 s; this long time interval would be reduced in the presence of heat radiation at room temperature . . . to about 109 s. How could they asked the experimental situation be explained which implied that the discrete orientations of the orbits in silver atoms were obtained in less than 10-4 s. In order to deal with this evident puzzle Einstein and Ehrenfest proposed two alternatives: first that the silver atoms were always in the states of spatial quantization; second the orientations of the electron orbits arose from an interaction of the atoms with the radiation field which involved much smaller reaction times . . . However they found that both alternatives created considerable difficulties in the understanding of the atomic processes . . . Thus Einstein and Ehrenfest concluded: 'The difficulties mentioned above show how unsatisfactory are both interpretations of the results found by Stern and Gerlach'" Mehra & Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory 1 pp. 443-444. Pais Subtle is the Lord p. 328. Weil Albert Einstein Bibliography 121. . unknown books

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