2 944 résultats
1909376751909. Verh. Ges. Naturf. Ärzte 81/1. 2.T./1.2. - Versammlung Salzburg 1909 . - Leipzig F.C.W. Vogel 1910 8° 4 205 3; XII 234 4 pp.; XIV 317 1 39 Abbildungen im Text Halbleinenband Erstdruck! EINSTEIN und die Salzburger Naturforscherversammlung! "In das helle Rampenlicht der physikalischen Bühne trat das Quantenproblem erstmalig beim Auftritt EINSTEINS auf der 81. Versammlung der Deutschen Naturforscher und Ärzte die vom 19. bis 25. September 1909 in Salzburg stattfand. EINSTEIN war bislang nur einigen wenigen jüngeren Physikern die die Reise nach Bern nicht gescheut hatten persönlich bekannt geworden. Als EINSTEIN nun zum ersten Mal an einem Naturforscherkongreß teilnahm begegneten ihm viele Fachkollegen mit außergewöhnlichem Interesse; sein Auftreten war zweifellos ein Höhepunkt der Tagung. Die Versammlung blieb - was insbesondere die "stark besuchte physikalische Abteilung" betraf - allen Beteiligten als höchst glanzvoll in Erinnerung. So schrieb etwa LISE MEITNER: "This congress was altogether a very impressive experience. It was attended by theoretical and experimental physicists from the entire world . . It was really something quite out of the ordinary a most stimulating meeting". EINSTEINS Vortrag fand in der Abteilung Physik in Gemeinschaft mit der Abteilung Mathematik am 21. September 1909 zu Beginn der Nachmittagssitzung statt. Aus den angegebenen Zahlen kann man schließen daß über 100 Hörer EINSTEINS Referat beiwohnten unter ihnen ein Großteil der führenden Physiker des deutschen Sprachraumes. EINSTEINS Vortrag "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" beeindruckte die Hörer zumindest die jüngeren gewaltig. EINSTEIN vertrat und begründete die These daß weder die bisherige Wellentheorie noch eine naiv-korpuskulare Auffassung des Lichtes angemessen ist sondern daß "eine Art Verschmelzung von Undulations- und Emissionstheorie" die Wirklichkeit trifft. EINSTEIN hatte damit in die Optik das Dualitätsprinzip eingeführt welches nach einem Worte SOMMERFELDS "unter allen erstaunlichen Entdeckungen dieses Jahrhunderts die erstaunlichste ist". Wie MAX BORN registrierte wurde "von der versammelten Gelehrsamkeit EINSTEINS Leistung abgestempelt". EINSTEIN wurde sozusagen in den engen Kreis der führenden Physiker aufgenommen. Tatsächlich spricht aus PLANCKS Diskussionsbemerkung große Hochachtung wenn auch PLANCK den kühnen Ideen des jungen EINSTEIN was die Lichtquantenhypothese betraf gleichsam noch die offizielle Billigung versagte. Zweifellos muß der Auftritt EINSTEINS und PLANCKS Stellungnahme großes Aufsehen erregt haben. Unmittelbar vordergründig konnte EINSTEIN mit seiner Lichtquantenhypothese nicht durchdringen. FRITZ REICHE einer der zahlreichen jüngeren Teilnehmer berichtete: "I must say I was very much impressed by the appearance of the second term in the fiuctuation formula. Though it is of course a rather indistinct proof of photons'. I remember of course that people were opposed and tried to find another reason or tried to give the formula another form." Auch PAUL EPSTEIN glaubte nicht daß EINSTEIN mit seinem Vortrag allzuviele überzeugte: "HEILBRON: Do you recall whether that talk of EINSTEIN had a great effect' EPSTEIN: NO great effect. You see the chairman of the meeting was PLANCK and he immediately said that it was very interesting but he did not quite agree with it. And the only man who seconded at that meeting was JOHANNES STARK. You see it was too far advanced". Für EINSTEIN war die Salzburger Tagung nicht nur deshalb bedeutungsvoll weil er hier zum ersten Male vor einem großen Kreis seine Gedanken vortragen konnte sondern ihm hier auch die Möglichkeit gegeben war mit seinen Kollegen in einen persönlichen Gedankenaustausch zu treten. Dies gilt für MAX PLANCK für MAX BORN und besonders für ARNOLD SOMMERFELD. Die nach Herkommen und Veranlagung so verschiedenen Männer der Ostpreuße SOMMERFELD und der Weltbürger EINSTEIN begründeten in Salzburg eine auf gegenseitige Hochachtung basierende Zuneigung die den Wandel der Zeiten überdauerte. EINSTEIN schloß wie er an JOHANN JACOB LAUB schrieb SOMMERFELD stürmisch in sein Herz. Er sei "ganz verliebt" in ihn denn "er ist ein prachtvoller Kerl". Ähnlich hegte auch SOMMERFELD für EINSTEIN fortan das Gefühl der "Bewunderung und Verehrung". Konnte man EINSTEIN in der Lichtquantenhypothese auch nicht folgen mußte man seine Überlegungen doch als scharfsinnig anerkennen. Jedenfalls war nun seit dem ersten Hervortreten im Jahre 1905 EINSTEIN aus einem unbekannten "Experten III. Klasse" beim Eidgenössischen Patentamt zu einem Manne geworden dem ungewöhnlicher Respekt gezollt wurde. Wesentlich war daß EINSTEIN in seinem Salzburger Referat nicht nur über die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie vortrug "die er kleineren Propheten überließ" sondern hauptsächlich über das Quantenproblem. Vor dem Forum der großen Physikerversammlung wurde so die Bedeutung dieses weitgehend ungelösten Fragenkomplexes hervorgehoben. EINSTEINS Ansehen das er sich vor allem durch die Begründung der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie verschafft hatte veranlaßte nun manchen Kollegen doch sich auch mit dem Quantenproblem ernsthaft zu beschäftigen. Heute betrachten wir Relativitäts- und Quantentheorie als zuständig für getrennte Erfahrungsbereiche: Die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie basiert auf der Endlichkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit während die nichtrelativistische Quantentheorie als Konsequenz der Naturkonstanten h 4= 0 erscheint. Haben also die beiden wichtigsten physikalischen Theorien des beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts auch keinen logischen Zusammenhang so war doch ihre Entwicklung historisch eng verknüpft. Die Erfolge der Relativitätstheorie bewirkten eine schnellere Entwicklung der Quantentheorie." Armin Hermann & Ulrich Benz Quanten- und relativitätstheorie im Speigel der Naturforscherversammlungen 1906-1920 pp.130-131 unknown
190729338(Leipzig, Barth, 1907). 8vo. Extract from ""Annalen der Physik IV,23"", pp.197-198. Some slight browning to leaves.
190741347(Leipzig, Barth, 1907). 8vo. Extract from ""Annalen der Physik IV,23"", pp.197-198.
190738817Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1907. Contep. hcloth. Both hinges with a tear at upper part. ""Annalen der Physik, Vierte Folge. Band 23. Herausgegeben von W.Wien und M. Planck"", VIII,1000 pp. and 4 plates. Einstein's papers pp. 197-98 a. 206-209 a. 371-384. Internally fine and clean. The whole volume offered.
190750420Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1907. Einstein explicitly establishes E=mc2.<p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955. 1 Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips. In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 197-8. 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz." In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 206-8. 3 Über die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23 7: pp. 371-384. 8vo. Red cloth gilt lettering on spine. 214 x 140 mm. Whole volume: viii 1000 pp. 4 plates numbered Taf. I - IV. Tafs. I II and IV are folding Taf. III is b/w silver photograph tipped to sheet. Foot of the spine is repaired. Very good. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>Approximate English translations of titles: 1 "On the possibility of a new test of the principle of relativity." 2 "Remarks on Mr. Paul Ehrenfest's note: 'The translation of deformable electrons and the surface theorem.'" 3 "On the inertia of energy required by the principle of relativity." </p> In "On the inertia of energy required by the relativity principle" May 1907 "Using rather than m V rather than c and 0 rather than E0 Einstein wrote his famous equation for the first time as V2= 0 and he did it in a footnote. At the end of that paper he introduced the symbol E0 to denote energy in the rest frame and wrote the famous expression again this time as =E0/V2." -Eugene Hecht How Einstein confirmed E0 = mc2 </p> <p> In the third paper Einstein explicitly establishes his famous equation E=mc2 although with different symbols. In this paper Einstein discussed the relationship between inertial mass and energy arguing for their complete equivalence namely that every mass has an equivalent energy just as every form of energy has an equivalent mass. This relation says that a photon can convert for the equivalence of mass and energy his celebrated equation E = mc2 Calaprice The Einstein Almanac. </p> <br /> <br /> <p> Weil's Einstein Bibliography nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively. <br> Boni's Einstein Checklist nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively.</p> . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown
190741347Leipzig Barth 1907. 8vo. Extract from "Annalen der Physik IV23" pp.197-198. <br/><br/><em>First edition in the periodical form. - Weil No. 17. </em> unknown
190729338Leipzig Barth 1907. 8vo. Extract from "Annalen der Physik IV23" pp.197-198. Some slight browning to leaves. <br/><br/><em>First edition. Weil No. 17. </em> unknown
190738817Leipzig J.A. Barth 1907. Contep. hcloth. Both hinges with a tear at upper part. "Annalen der Physik Vierte Folge. Band 23. Herausgegeben von W.Wien und M. Planck" VIII1000 pp. and 4 plates. Einstein's papers pp. 197-98 a. 206-209 a. 371-384. Internally fine and clean. The whole volume offered. <br/><br/><em>All 3 papers in first edition. - The first paper "New possibility of testing the relativity principle" deals with the shift of canal rays in the Dobbler effect as a possible confirmation of the Principle of Relativity - the confirmation became actual only in 1938 when new improved instrumentation made it possible. - The second paper "remarks concerning Paul Ehrenfest's note: 'Translation of the deformable electron and the momentum law' Einstein gives his answer by relating it to his Theory of Relativity. - The third paper "The inertia of energy as demanded by the principle of relativity" which is a importen paper as it i is the first to state E=mc2 in its general form. general form. This new relation which was adumbrated already in his paper of 1906 Das prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung brings about the complete unification of mass and energy into a single concept. In natural units which make c=1 we have E=m i.e. mass and energy are one and the same quantity. Every form of energy also has a mass value just as every mass represents a definite amount of energy. - Weil Nos 1718 a. 19 </em> hardcover
192234667(Berlin, Julius Springer, 1922-24). 8vo. In: ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 10 (pp. 377 ff.),Vol.11 (pp.326), vol.16 (pp.228), vol.21 (pp.326-332). The entire four volumes offered here. Contemporary half cloth bindings.
192249429Berlin, Julius Springer, 1922-24. 8vo. 4 contemporary half cloth binding: two in uniform half green cloth and two en uniform grey/blue half cloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 10, 11, 16 & 21. Entire volumes offered. All volumes with stamp to title page and front free end paper, otherwise a fine and clean set. [Friedmann:] Bd. 10: Pp. 377-386" Bd. 21: P.p. 326-332. [Einstein:] Bd. 11:P. 326" Bd. 16: P. 228.
192234667Berlin Julius Springer 1922-24. 8vo. In: "Zeitschrift für Physik" Vol. 10 pp. 377 ff.Vol.11 pp.326 vol.16 pp.228 vol.21 pp.326-332. The entire four volumes offered here. Contemporary half cloth bindings. <br/><br/><em>Two landmark papers in the history of cosmology: All first editions. In 'Über die Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the non-stationary solutions to Einstein's field equations. Einstein quickly responded in a short comment 'Bemerkung' in which he expressed his suspicion of such a model of the Universe and apparently pointed out an error in Friedman's calculations. However Friedman now wrote a letter to Einstein in which he enclosed his full calculations. Shortly after this Einstein submitted a short notice Notiz in which he admitted that he himself had performed a calculation error and that Friedman's solutions which shed new light on the matter were valid. Friedman's expanding universe model was corroborated by Edwin Hubble's red-shift observations in 1929. In 'Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the Friedman-equations and demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedman-models describing positive zero and negative curvature respectively nearly a decade before the independent discoveries of the same models by Lemaître Robertson and Walker. </em> hardcover
192249429Berlin Julius Springer 1922-24. 8vo. 4 contemporary half cloth binding: two in uniform half green cloth and two en uniform grey/blue half cloth. In "Zeitschrift für Physik" Bd. 10 11 16 & 21. Entire volumes offered. All volumes with stamp to title page and front free end paper otherwise a fine and clean set. Friedmann: Bd. 10: Pp. 377-386; Bd. 21: P.p. 326-332. Einstein: Bd. 11:P. 326; Bd. 16: P. 228. <br/><br/><em>First printing of these four landmark paper in which Friedman "introduced into cosmology two concepts of revolutionary importance the age og the world and the creation of the world" Kragh Cosmology and Controversy. "In his paper of 1922 Friedmann offered a complete analysis of the solutions of Einstein's cosmological field equations that went beyond the earlier solutions of Einstein and de Sitter as it also included nonstatic solutions. Friedmann did so clearly and explicitly: "The purpose of this note" he wrote "is firstly to show that the cylindrical Einsteinand spherical de Sitter worlds are special cases of more general assumptions and secondly to demonstrate the possibility of a world in which the curvature of space is independent of the three spatial coordinates but does on time".Ibid.In 'Über die Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the non-stationary solutions to Einstein's field equations. Einstein quickly responded in a short comment 'Bemerkung' in which he expressed his suspicion of such a model of the Universe and apparently pointed out an error in Friedman's calculations. However Friedman now wrote a letter to Einstein in which he enclosed his full calculations. Shortly after this Einstein submitted a short notice Notiz in which he admitted that he himself had performed a calculation error and that Friedman's solutions which shed new light on the matter were valid. Friedman's expanding universe model was corroborated by Edwin Hubble's red-shift observations in 1929. In 'Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes' Friedman derived the Friedman-equations and demonstrated that he had command of all three Friedman-models describing positive zero and negative curvature respectively nearly a decade before the independent discoveries of the same models by Lemaître Robertson and Walker. "Friedmann made a valuable contribution to Einstein's general theory of relativity. As always his interest was not limited simply to familiarizing himself with this new field of science but led to his own remarkable investigations. Friedmann's work on the theory of relativity dealt with one of its most difficult questions the cosmological problem. In his paper "Über die Krümmung des Raumes" 1922 he outlined the fundamental ideas of his cosmology: the supposition concerning the homogeneity of the distribution of matter in space and the consequent homogence of "world" time for which at any moment in time the metrics of space will be identical at all points and in all directions. This theory is especially important because it leads to a sufficiently correct explanation of the fundamental phenomenon known as the "red shift." This solution of the Einstein field equations obtained from the above propositions is the model for any homogeneous and isotropic cosmological theory. It is interesting to note that Einstein thought that the cosmological solution to the equations of a field had to be static and had to lead to a closed model of the universe. Friedmann discarded both conditions and arrived at an independent solution. Einstein welcomed Friedmann's results because they showed the dispensability of the ad hoc cosmological term Einstein had been forced to introduce into the basic field equation of general relativity". DSB. Weil 122 & 130. </em> hardcover
1926465401926. Royal8vo. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht von den Verfassern"" [i.e. ""Given by the authors""]. Original printed wrappers. Front wrapper loose, but fully intact. ""Chilpp 202"" and ""Recdese 160"" written in hand to top of front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. 334-351.
H4008Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften 1926 In: Sitzungsberichte der Königl.Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften Band 1926. 4to. S.334-340. Anbei u.a.: Schrödinger E.: Die Energiestufen des idealen einatomigen Gasmodells. S.23-36; Planck Max: Über die Begründung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik. S.453-466. Halbleinenband der Zeit leicht berieben Bibl.-Nr.am Rücken Original-Broschur miteingebunden unaufgeschnitten gutes Exemplar. The Einstein and Rupp articles are the heart of the Einstein-Rupp scandal perhaps the most famous of all scientific scandals. unknown
1926465401926. Royal8vo. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper "Überreicht von den Verfassern" i.e. "Given by the authors". Original printed wrappers. Front wrapper loose but fully intact. "Chilpp 202" and "Recdese 160" written in hand to top of front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. 334-351. <br/><br/><em>First edition in the scarce author's presentation offprint issue of this important paper which contains Einstein's theories on wave-particle duality and German physicist Rupp's work on the same subject seemingly to corroborating Einstein's theories. Rupp's experimental results later turned out to have been falsifications and today he is mainly known as the protagonist in one of the biggest scandals in physics in the 20th century.Rupp published a number of papers on the interference properties of light emitted by canal ray sources. These articles particularly the present that came into being in close collaboration with Albert Einstein attracted quite a lot of attention as they probed the wave versus particle nature of light. They also significantly propelled Rupp's career even though they were considered highly controversial to begin with.In April 1926 Albert Einstein proposed to Emil Rupp to carry out two experiments that were to prove the wave nature of light versus the particle nature of light: the so-called 'Wire Grid Experiment' and the 'Rotated Mirror Experiment' experiments that Einstein had worked on theoretically and now would like to gain confirmation of through experiments. Rupp at the time regarded as one of the most important and most competent experimental physicists gladly took up the challenge. Rupp's observations - though highly controversial - confirmed Einstein's theory. Due to the surprising outcome of the experiments Einstein was interested in exactly how it they were conducted as Rupp's initial descriptions did not convince him that the results were feasible."Rupp stood by his observations and suggested yet other circumstances that might explain them. Did Einstein now realize that there was something rather dubious about Rupp's work He had seen him change his data repeatedly-and each time in better accordance with his own criticism and on one occasion in no less than two days. He had had to accept that Rupp claimed to earlier have "unknowingly" or "unconsciously" rotated a mirror and he will likely have seen that Rupp's work was highly controversial amongst experimentalists leading to very public criticism in Die Naturwissenschaften. He himself was now also convinced that in fact Rupp's results were incomprehensible. So did Einstein choose to suspend the publication of Rupp's piece so that an additional round of checks and balances could take place The answer is no: Rupp's paper was presented by Einstein to the Prussian Academy in a session on 21 October 1926 and it appeared in print in the Academy's proceedings in November of 1926-the articles by Einstein and Rupp came out back to back and reprints circulated with both papers bound together with a joint cover page that displayed both titles. Einstein referred in his article to Rupp's claims and he had even written the abstract of Rupp's paper" Dongen: "Emil Rupp Albert Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle".The first clear indication that Rupp's work was impossible to recreate came in 1930 in a paper published by Staub - nothing was wrong with Einstein's theory but Rupp's work was simply impossible: "Rupp immediately set out to respond to Straub's publication. On 12 July 1930 he sent a first draft to Einstein to whom he also announced his intention of redoing his canal ray experiments-Straub was dismissed as a clumsy graduate student with a lousy apparatus. Einstein suggested inviting Straub once Rupp had his experiment up and running again but cautioned him not to engage the polemic in too sharp a tone". Rupp managed to convince the physics society and continued to publish the new few years. In 1934 various different physicians pointed out that Rupp's work was impossible to recreate and in 1935 the final blow to Rupp's career came about when the German Physical Society's decided not to allow any citations of Rupp's work. This seems to have had very severe consequences as today it is almost impossible to find any quotations - or even mentioning of Rupp in general let alone his fraud - in any historical studies of either quantum theory or of Einstein.Despite the unquestionable fraud by Rupp his experiments and collaboration with Einstein might have had a positive influence on the further progression to quantum mechanics. The two present papers became of seminal importance in the discussions between Bohr and Heisenberg which eventually in 1927 resulted in Heisenberg publishing his landmark thesis on the uncertainty principle. When Max Born received the Nobel Prize in physics he stated that: "An idea of Einstein gave me the lead From the present paper. He had tried to make the duality of particles-light quanta or photons-and waves comprehensible by interpreting the square of the optical wave amplitudes as probability density for the occurrence of photons."Boni 160; Weil 153. </em> unknown
190947376Braunschweig, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1909. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft"", 11 Jahrgang, 1909. (Reprinted same year in ""Physikalische Zeitschrift 10""). Bound with ""Berichte der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft"", 7 Jahrgang, 1909. Capitals and hindges with wear. Internally very fine and clean. Pp. 482-500. [Entire volume: (2), 749, (3), VII, 450 pp.].
190839155Leipzig, J.A. Barth, 1908. 2 contemp. hcalf and hcloth. Spines slightly rubbed. In ""Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck"", vol. 26 and 27. VI,1032 and plates, pp. VIII,1112 pp. and plates.- Einstein & Laub papers: pp.532-541, pp. 541-550, pp. p. 232. Whole volumes offered.
1908140937838Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1908. First Edition. Very Good. First edition scarce author's offprint ''Uberreicht von den Verfassern'' essentially a presentation copy of the article for the authors' use. One of a small unspecified number perhaps 25-50 of copies thus also printed in the journal Annalen der Physik Vierte Folge Band 26; very few survive. 532-540 pp. Original cream-colored wrappers. In German. Very Good with chips in brittle front and back double-sided wraps tear along entire back wrap repaired with clear tape on verso; contents fine. No foxing. The first separate publication of the paper "On the Fundamental Electromagnetic Equations for Moving Bodies" by Einstein then still a patent clerk and Laub. Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown books
1909524241909. Verh. Dtsch. Physik. Ges. 11/ 1-24. - Hrsg. im Auftrage der Gesellschaft von Karl Scheel. - Braunschweig Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn 1909 8° VII 749 pp. Abbildungen Halbleinenband d.Zt.; St.a.Tit.; feines Expl. First Edition! The true first printing see below of this paper which Wolfgang Pauli said "can be considered as one of the landmarks in the development of theoretical physics" Schilpp p. 154. This paper marks the introduction of the modern "photon" concept although the term itself was introduced much later in a 1926 paper by Gilbert N. Lewis. It contains "the first well-conceived promulgation of the wave-particle duality of light which had implications as profound as Einstein's earlier theoretical breakthroughs" Isaacson p.157. Einstein here anticipated the principle of complementarity one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. His own proposal for a solution of the wave-particle paradox - that Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields be modified to allow wave solutions that are bound to singularities of the field - was never developed although it may have influenced Louis de Broglie's pilot wave hypothesis for quantum mechanics developed in his famous thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta 1924. The present paper was also published in Physikalische Zeitschrift Vol. 10 1909 but the Verhandlungen printing has priority: it was published on 30 October 1909 the Physikalische Zeitschrift printing appeared on 10 November. "This extensive paper given as lecture before the 81st assembly of the "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher" in Salzburg on 21st September 1909. He spoke on "The Development of Our View of the Nature and Constitution of Radiation" a topic that embraced both relativity and quanta. Among those who attended Einstein's lecture were some of the world's foremost physicists. In Einstein's austere opinion his address regarded strictly as a work of science was of little importance since as he writes to a co-worker it contained nothing new. Einstein was being overmodest. Besides to many in Einstein's audience and it should be born in mind that it was the year after Minkowski's stirring introduction of the concept of the fourth dimension this Lecture came as a revelation. The occasion was important for Einstein too. He had been working for years in a sort of scientific exile and his curiosity as to what great scientists were like in face-to-face discussion was at least as great as their curiosity about him. His confidence in himself was certainly not harmed when he found that he was able to hold his own easily in their company. Moreover at this congress Einstein first met Planck. In addition he made new'lasting friendships leading to a voluminous scientific correspondence. Amongst those attending the congress were Max von Laue Max Born. Arnold Sommerfeld Hasnohrl. Ladenburg. Max von Laue was to be the first to publish in 1911 the first text-book on relativity theory. All of them are present in this issue with scientific papers of their own." Walter Alicke 11. Jahrg. 30. Oktober 1909 Nr. 20 - Vorgetragen in der Sitzung der physiklaischen abteilung der 81. Versalung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte zu Salzburg am 21. September 1909." Weil No. 30; Schilpp-Shields No. 30; Hoffmann Einstein p. 93. unknown
1908432171908. <p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955 and Jakob Johann Laub 1884-1962. Über die elektromagnetischen Grundgleichungen für bewegter Körper. Offprint from Annalen der Physik 4th series 26 1908. 532-540pp. 225 x 146 mm. Original printed wrappers. Fine.</p> <p>First Edition Offprint Issue. Einstein's first paper written jointly with a collaborator on the relativistic electrodynamics of ponderable media. "In 1908 Laub wrote works together with Einstein on the basic electromagnetic equations which was aimed to replace the four-dimensional formulation of the electrodynamics by Minkowski by a simpler classical formulation. Both Laub and Einstein discounted the spacetime formalism as too complicated. However it turned out that Minkowski's spacetime formalism was fundamental for the further development of special relativity" Wikipedia. Pais Subtle is the Lord pp. 151 154. Shields 23. Weil 23.</p> . unknown
190839155Leipzig J.A. Barth 1908. 2 contemp. hcalf and hcloth. Spines slightly rubbed. In "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck" vol. 26 and 27. VI1032 and plates pp. VIII1112 pp. and plates.- Einstein & Laub papers: pp.532-541 pp. 541-550 pp. p. 232. Whole volumes offered. <br/><br/><em>First editions of all three papers.- Volume 26 contains also a first printing of Max Planck. "Zur Dynamik bewegter Systeme". Pp. 1-34. Planck Akademie No 76. - Weil: 22 1-2 and 23. </em> hardcover
190947376Braunschweig Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn 1909. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In "Verhandlungen der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft" 11 Jahrgang 1909. Reprinted same year in "Physikalische Zeitschrift 10". Bound with "Berichte der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft" 7 Jahrgang 1909. Capitals and hindges with wear. Internally very fine and clean. Pp. 482-500. Entire volume: 2 749 3 VII 450 pp. <br/><br/><em>First printing of Einstein's famous lecture in which he anticipated the discovery of black-body radiation and famously stated that: "the next phase in the development of theoretical physics will bring us a theory of light which may be regarded as a sort of fusion of the undulatory and emission theories of light" The present paper Pp. 482-3. He furthermore stated that the electromagnetic fields that constitute light will no longer appear to be states of a hypothetical medium but rather independent entities emitted by the sources of light exactly as in the Newtonian emission theory of light. The paper was delivered as a lecture before the 81st assembly of the 'Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher' in Salzburg on 21st September 1909.The occasion was important for Einstein since he for years had been working in scientific exile. Among those who attended Einstein's lecture were some of the world's foremost physicists such as; Max von Laue Max Born Arnold Sommerfeld. All published papers of their own in the present volume. Weil No. 30. </em> unknown
BN156976Bern Herbert Lang & Cie 1975. Hardcover. Über den Frieden. Weltordnung oder Weltuntergang Hgg. von Otto Nathan und Heinz Norden. Vorwort von Bertrand Russell. Übersetzung der englischen und französischen Originale von Will Schaber. <br/><br/>Über den Frieden. Weltordnung oder Weltuntergang Hgg. von Otto Nathan und Heinz Norden. Vorwort von Bertrand Russell. Übersetzung der englischen und französischen Originale von Will Schaber. Albert Einstein Bern, Herbert Lang & Cie 1975. hardcover
19116407Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1911. First edition. <p>First edition an extremely rare author's presentation offprint with 'Überreicht vom Verfasser' - Presented by the Author from the library of the eminent German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of Einstein's "first paper completely devoted to general relativity" Brandt Harvest of a Century. In this groundbreaking work Einstein applied the equivalence principle - the idea that acceleration and gravitation are physically indistinguishable - to predict two profound effects of gravity on light: the gravitational redshift and the bending of light by massive bodies. These predictions would later be spectacularly confirmed notably in the 1919 solar eclipse observations cementing Einstein's reputation worldwide.</p>. <p>GRAVITATIONAL RED-SHIFT AND THE BENDING OF LIGHT</p> . <p>First edition extremely rare author's presentation offprint with 'Überreicht vom Verfasser' Presented by the Author stamped on front wrapper from the library of the great German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of Einstein's "first paper completely devoted to general relativity" Brandt p. 105. This epochal paper applies the equivalence principle that acceleration and gravitation are equivalent in their physical effects to demonstrate two effects of gravity on light: the gravitational bending of light and the gravitational redshift. "In 1911 Einstein proceeded to revise and improve his earlier presentation in 1907 making the principle of equivalence the central feature of his treatment. Einstein now included an elegant proof based on a cyclic process reminiscent of thermodynamics that the gravitational mass of a body as well as its inertial mass is increased by the amount E/c2 when the body absorbs energy E c being the speed of light" Collected Papers p. xxix. Einstein applies this result to show first that if light of frequency ν travels a distance d against a gravitational field which would exert an acceleration g on a gravitating body its frequency is reduced by Δν = νgd/c2 - this is the gravitational redshift. And second Einstein deduced the deflection of a light ray moving in the gravitational field of a spherical body - he finds that the light suffers a deflection toward the source given by 2Gm/dc2 where d is the distance of closest approach to the body of mass m and G is the gravitational constant. "The paper ends with a plea to the astronomers: 'It is urgently desirable that astronomers concern themselves with the question brought up here even if the foregoing considerations might seem insufficiently founded or even adventurous'" Pais p. 200. The bending of light was famously observed by Eddington and his team during a solar eclipse in 1919; the gravitational redshift was more difficult to measure but Einstein's prediction was confirmed by Pound & Rebka at Harvard in 1960 using a laboratory experiment not astronomical observations. "Thus in 1911 we discern the first glimpses of the new Einstein program: to derive the equivalence principle from a new theory of gravitation. This cannot be achieved within the framework of what he called the ordinary relativity theory the special theory. Therefore one must look for a new theory not only of gravitation but also of relativity. Another point made in this paper likewise bears on that new program. 'Of course one cannot replace an arbitrary gravitational field by a state of motion without gravitational field as little as one can transform to rest by means of a relativity transformation all points of an arbitrarily moving medium.' This statement would continue to be true in the ultimate general theory of relativity" Pais pp. 195-196. OCLC lists three copies: King's College London; Württembergische Landesbibliothek; Swiss National Library. RBH list only two other copies both sold by Christie's: the Plotnick copy in 2002 and that in Einstein's own collection of his offprints in 2008.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Arnold Sommerfeld 1868-1951 his characteristic numbering in red pencil '20' on front cover. "The son of a physician Sommerfeld was educated at the University of Königsberg. After teaching briefly at the universities of Göttingen Clausthal and Aachen he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Münich in 1906. Sommerfeld should have retired in 1936 in favour of his pupil Werner Heisenberg. Opposition from the Nazi party to Heisenberg's appointment prolonged Sommerfeld's tenure and it was not in fact until late 1939 that he finally retired to be succeeded not by Heisenberg but by Wilhelm Müller a Nazi aerodynamicist without a single publication in physics to his credit. Although Sommerfeld and Heisenberg were not Jewish they were regarded by the Nazis as Jewish sympathizers. Sommerfeld however survived the war and returned to his Münich chair in 1945 continuing to work at physics until he died in a car accident in 1951" Oxford Reference. "Arnold Sommerfeld was one of the most distinguished representatives of the transition period between classical and modern theoretical physics. The work of his youth was still firmly anchored in the conceptions of the nineteenth century; but when in the first decennium of the century the flood of new discoveries experimental and theoretical broke the dams of tradition he became a leader of the new movement and in combining the two ways of thinking he exerted a powerful influence on the younger generation. This combination of a classical mind to whom clarity of conception and mathematical rigour are essential with the adventurous spirit of a pioneer are the roots of his scientific success while his exceptional gift of communicating his ideas by spoken and written word made him a great teacher" Max Born p. 275. </p> <br /> <p>"In 1907 still working at the patent office in Bern Einstein began to study the laws of physics in reference frames with an accelerated relative motion. When he completed this work in 1915 he called it the General Theory of Relativity. At various occasions Einstein recalled his starting point in this project. It struck him that a man falling from the top of a roof he said did not feel his own weight. In the reference frame of the building it is the weight or gravitational force which make the man fall but in a reference frame moving with the man there is another force exactly counteracting the weight so that there is no net force. In that frame the man stays at rest. Einstein realized that acceleration and gravitation are equivalent to each other. That was later called the equivalence principle. If he would be able to extend his theory of relativity to accelerated reference frames he would be able to do for the theory of gravitation what he had done for electrodynamics with special relativity. He gave a first glimpse at his new topic in a review article on special relativity written in 1907 'Über das Relativitätprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen' Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik Bd. 4 pp. 411-62" Brandt p. 105.</p> <br /> <p>"A few months before the Solvay Congress Einstein had returned to the questions concerning gravitation and accelerated frames of reference that he first raised in his 1907 review article on relativity. These subjects had gone unmentioned in his papers for four years and hardly ever appear in his correspondence during that time. But in June 1911 Einstein completed a short paper 'On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light.' This was only a month after his letter to Besso announcing that he was abandoning his efforts to create a new theory of radiation. It looks as though his renunciation of that quest set him free to focus his attention once more on gravitation" Collected Papers p. xxix. </p> <br /> <p>"It is characteristic for Einstein that in the same paper he proposed a way to verify his predictions experimentally . From his formula for the gravitational redshift he computed that the frequency of a spectral line emitted by an atom on the surface of the sun would be reduced by two parts in a million when that light reached the earth. Thus a line spectrum originating from the sun is shifted to lower frequencies and therefore to longer wavelengths compared to a spectrum emitted in the laboratory. This redshift is difficult to measure because the surface of the sun is a nasty environment with high pressure storms and magnetic fields all influencing spectral lines. But with modern techniques it has been well established even in the laboratory with radiation climbing against the earth's gravitation for only a few meters.</p> <br /> <p>"Einstein also computed the bending of light by gravitation. If the light of a star passes near the surface of the sun and is then observed by an astronomer on the earth the star appears to be in a slightly different position because the light was attracted by the sun and thus the ray was bent on its way from star to the earth. Einstein found a bending angle of 0.83 seconds of an arc. This number was too small by a factor of two but nobody knew because the effect had not been measured. However Einstein himself realized that his theory had to be refined. For a homogeneous gravitational field a field that is constant everywhere he could replace gravitation by a single transformation to an accelerated coordinate system. For a more complicated field like that of the sun or that of all stars the transformation would have to be different for every point in space. That seemed a formidable problem" Brandt p. 106. The correct calculation of light bending was made only in 1915 when Einstein had the final version of general relativity.</p> <br /> <p>"His 1911 paper was specifically prompted by his new realization that it should be possible to observe the gravitational bending of light . One had to observe a star whose light would travel close by the sun on its way to the observer. This could be done during a total eclipse of the sun .</p> <br /> <p>"Einstein took the initiative in consulting experimental colleagues about the possibilities for checking these results. In August 1911 he began corresponding with W.H. Julius of Utrecht about the gravitational redshift among other matters. At about the same time he raised with Erwin Freundlich at Berlin the question of observing the deflecting of starlight by the gravitational field of the sun a subject on which he corresponded with George Ellery Hale at the Mount Wilson Observatory two years later. There would however be no reliable results on either of these subjects for years to come. But whether or not there were experimental results to help in guiding his work generalizing relativity and creating a new theory of gravitation became the problem that absorbed his attention for the next few years. 'I am just now lecturing on the foundations of that poor dead mechanics which is so beautiful' he wrote to Zangger a month after the Solvay Congress. 'What will its successor look like With that question I torment myself ceaselessly'" Collected Papers pp. xxix-xxx.</p> <br /> <p>"English interest in the bending of light developed soon after copies of Einstein's general relativity papers were sent from Holland by de Sitter to Arthur Stanley Eddington at Cambridge . a subsequent report by Eddington . stressed the importance of the deflection of light. In March 1917 the Astronomer Royal Sir Frank Watson Dyson drew attention to the excellence of the star configuration on May 29 1919 another eclipse date for measuring the alleged deflection . Two expeditions were mounted one to Sobral in Brazil led by Andrew Crommelin from the Greenwich Observatory and one to Principe Island off the coast of Spanish Guinea led by Eddington. Before departing Eddington wrote 'The present eclipse expeditions may for the first time demonstrate the weight of light i.e. the Newton value; or they may confirm Einstein's weird theory of non-Euclidean space which predicted twice the Newton value; or they may lead to a result of yet more far-reaching consequences - no deflection' . The expeditions returned. Data analysis began. According to a preliminary report by Eddington to the meeting of the British Association held in Bournemouth on September 9-13 the bending of light lay between 0.87 and double that value. Word reached Lorentz. Lorentz cabled Einstein . Then came November 6 1919 the day on which Einstein was canonized . the setting a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society resembled a Congregation of Rites. Dyson acted as postulator ably assisted by Crommelin and Eddington as advocate-procurators. Dyson speaking first concluded his remarks with the statement 'After a careful study of the plates I am prepared to say that they confirm Einstein's prediction. A very definite result has been obtained that light is deflected in accordance with Einstein's law of gravitation'" Pais pp. 304-305.</p> <br /> <p>The gravitational bending of light has recently found a new application - the search for extra-solar planets. ". the 'most curious effect' of the bending of starlight by the gravity of intervening foreground stars - now commonly referred to as 'gravitational microlensing' - has become one of the successfully applied techniques to detect planets orbiting stars other than the Sun while being quite unlike any other . Gravitational microlensing favours a range of orbital separations that covers planets whose orbital periods are too long to allow detection by other indirect techniques but which are still too close to their host star to be detected by means of their emitted or reflected light. Rather than being limited to the Solar neighbourhood a unique opportunity is provided for inferring a census of planets orbiting stars belonging to two distinct populations within the Milky Way with a sensitivity not only reaching down to Earth mass but even below with ground-based observations. The capabilities of gravitational microlensing extend even to obtaining evidence of a planet orbiting a star in another galaxy" Dominik.</p> <br /> <p>BRL 39; Parkinson p. 471; Weil 43. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein vol. 3 The Swiss Years: Writings 1909-1911 Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994. Born 'Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld 1868-1951' Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 1952 pp. 275-296. Brandt The Harvest of a Century Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009. Dominik 'Studying planet populations with Einstein's blip' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol. 368 no. 1924 2010. Pais Subtle is the Lord Oxford: Clarendon Press 1982.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo 222 x 144 mm pp. 1 blank 898-908. Original printed orange wrappers light vertical crease for posting. Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown
191150424Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1911. The Genesis of General Relativity<p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955. 1 Elementare betrachtungen über die thermische molekularbewengung in festen Körpern. In Annalen der Physik 35 9: 679-94 pp. Weil 42. 2 Über den Einfluß der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des lichtes. In Annalen der Physik 35 10: 898-908 pp. Weil 43. Red cloth gilt spine lettering. Figs. Text-illust. 214 x 140 mm. Whole volume: viii 1040 pp. 6 plates 3 b/w silver photos 1 colorized 2 folding. Very good. </p> <p>Approximate English translations of titles: 1 "Elementary considerations about thermal molecular motion in solid bodies" and 2 "On the influence of gravity on the propagation of light." </p> <br /> <br /> <p>"Einstein returns to his thoughts on gravitation and discusses his ideas on the static gravitational field no. 1 above advancing the "half-shift" prediction of the deflection of light by a massive body such as the Sun. In his early papers on the subject . . . he used two important features: the principle of equivalence and the role of the speed of light. In this paper he takes a broader perspective saying that if a light beam is bent in an accelerating frame of reference then if the theory is correct it must also be besnt by gravity by exactly the equivalent amount." Calaprice An Einstein Encyclopedia.</p> <p>"An important conclusion of this paper is that the velocity of light in a gravitational field is a function of the place. The equation: </p> <p> c = c01 / c2</p> <p> signifies that there exists a relationship between the velocity of light and the gravitational potential; the latter influences the first." Weinstein Einstein's 1912-1913 struggles with Gravitation Theory: Importance of Static Gravitational Fields Theory. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>"Here no. 2 above Einstein continues the work he had begun in 1907 on the specific heat of solids where the heat agitation of solids was reduced to a monochromatic oscillation of the atom and the specific heat was determined based on the quantum treatment of an oscillator in a radiation field. He explains the discrepencies between his formula and the measurements at low temperatures" Calaprice An Einstein Encyclopedia. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>Weil's Einstein Bibliography nos. 42 and 43. Boni's Einstein Checklist nos. 38 39. </p> . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown