708 résultats
1967257592Garden City New York: Doubleday & Company Inc 1967. First edition. Frontispiece photograph of Eisenhower's parents. 400 pp. 1 vols. Black cloth glassine. First edition. Frontispiece photograph of Eisenhower's parents. 400 pp. 1 vols. From Uncle Ike. Inscribed on special label "At Ease/ Published June 16 1967/ Gettysburgh Pennsylvania." Tipped in "For: Milton S. Eisenhower Jr/ with warm regards/ Uncle Ike. Doubleday & Company, Inc unknown books
19521253306Garden City: Doubleday 1952. Later printing. Hardcover. Later printing with no notice of printing on copyright page published by the original publisher in 1952 four years after the first edition. Brown cloth a few touches of shelf wear else in fine condition. Lacks the jacket. INSCRIBED AND SIGNED BY EISENHOWER. Inscribed by Eisenhower on the half-title. "For T.V. DuBois with best wishes Dwight Eisenhower" T.V. DuBois was a Cincinnati industrialist and the founder of Cincinnati Chemical. Doubleday hardcover
196700399058Doubleday Dodd & Company Inc. 1967. Hardcover. Fine. An excellent copy of the First Printing . SIGNED by Eisenhower . Inscribed " For John Hikson with best wishes and warm regard from his friend Dwight Eisenhower " . The book is clean no marks other than the inscription . The binding is tight . The cloth on the boards is fresh . The graphics on the spine are bright . The very nice dust jacket is now protected with a mylar cover . Doubleday , Dodd & Company , Inc. hardcover
19553462581955. 6 single leaf letters folded for mailing; 1 postmarked envelope; a photocopy of Berkson's immigration card. All letters near fine; an impressive collection of correspondence and associations. 6 single leaf letters folded for mailing; 1 postmarked envelope; a photocopy of Berkson's immigration card. Seymour Berkson b.1905 - d.1959 was an American publisher of The Journal-American a now defunct NYC daily newspaper and was husband of fashion publicist and founder of New York Fashion Week Eleanor Lambert. In this collection of corespondences President Dwight D. Eisenhower extends an invitation to Berkson to attend a "stag dinner" on March fifteenth. The letter is boldly signed in full in which the President adds the postscript "As a personal favor to me would you keep this reasonably confidential until after the affair"<br /> <br /> A later letter from the President thanks Berkson for sending along a copy of the 1957 Information Please Almanac. "As I glance through it" Eisenhower notes "I have one mild complaint -- the book is so intriguing that I find it difficult to put down even in view of official mail that awaits attention." This letter is also signed in full about 75 words accompanied by the original typed mailing envelope. Ancilliary material enclosed includes a polite T.L.S. to Berkson from Eisenhower's Press Secretary James C. Hagerty 2 carbons of Berkson's letters to the White House and a note from legendary Times-Herald reporter and colleague Bill Hutchinson congratulating Berkson on his White House visit. <br /> <br /> The collection includes:<br /> <br /> February 21 1955: T.L.S. letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower to Seymour Berkson on White House stationary with a D.D.E. header.<br /> <br /> February 24 1955: Typescript letter from Seymour Berkson <br /> <br /> March 17 1955: Typescript copy letter from Seymour Berkson to Eisenhower<br /> <br /> March 17 1955: T.L.S. letter from William "Bill" Hutchinson to Berkson<br /> <br /> March 21 1955: T.L.S. letter from Press Secretary James C. Hagerty<br /> <br /> February 5 1957: T.L.S. letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower. unknown
196381853Garden City New York:: Doubleday & Company Inc. 1963-1965. First edition; trade issue; each with Eisenhower's signed and inscribed dated Gettysburg label opposite the title page. specially bound in full red gilt-ruled morocco all edges gilt; recipient's name and rank gilt-lettered on the front panel; in cloth slipcases. A few tiny scuffs to the spines; otherwise both volumes are fine in very near fine slipcases. 8vo. Illustrated from photographs. Additional postage applicable. Each presentation label is inscribed "witth he affectionate regards of his friend Dwight d. Eisenhower" for Lt. General Milton G. Baker who founded the Valley forge Military Academy. The White House Years. Doubleday & Company, Inc., hardcover
267686Printed leaflet printed on both sides. WG12 lower left. Two binder hole punches at top margin light edgewear. Printed leaflet printed on both sides. WG12 lower left. In this proclamation to the people of Germany from 1945 Eisenhower declares that "The Allied Forces serving under my command have now entered Germany. We come as conquerors but not as oppressors.We shall overthrow the Nazi rule dissolve the Nazi Party and abolish the cruel oppressive and discriminatory laws and institutions which the Party has created. We shall eradicate that German Militarism which has so often disrupted the peace of the world" <br /> <br /> In this edict Eisenhower suspends all German courts and educational institutions within the occupied territory and instructs all German officials employees and workers to remain at their posts until further notice. <br /> <br /> With Churchill and FDR's statements on "über Deutschlands Zukunft" "on Germany's future" on the verso. Not in Cohen unknown
1948150559 pp. 1st trade edition after a limited edition. Jacket in poor condition with tape repairs and loss. Interior hinge is cracked but firmly attached. Signed by Eisenhower and includes a related letter from the personal secretary to the President to a Sergeant Quinton Allen in Colorado stating the President was happy to sign a copy of his book for John Wells of Denver. Also included are two response cards sent to Woods from the White House. Doubleday & Company, hardcover books
1956430611956. Program for the 1956 Republican National Convention in San Francisco August 20 1956 signed on the front and back by numerous attendees including a signature of President Eisenhower. Other signers include: Iowa Governor Leo Hoegh; Wisconsin Governor Walter J. Kohler Jr.; South Dakota Governor Joe Foss; California Senator Thomas Kuchel; New Jersey Senator Howard Alexander Smith; Delaware Senator John J. Williams; Ohio Senator George H. Bender; New Jersey Senator Clifford P. Case; and numerous others. In very good with light toning. A unique piece signed by President Eisenhower and many of those responsible for helping his reelection campaign. Double matted and framed with a photograph of the 1956 Republican Convention. The entire piece measures 22 inches by 25.5 inches. A unique piece. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. unknown books
267686Printed leaflet printed on both sides. WG12 lower left. Two binder hole punches at top margin light edgewear. Printed leaflet printed on both sides. WG12 lower left. In this proclamation to the people of Germany from 1945 Eisenhower declares that "The Allied Forces serving under my command have now entered Germany. We come as conquerors but not as oppressors.We shall overthrow the Nazi rule dissolve the Nazi Party and abolish the cruel oppressive and discriminatory laws and institutions which the Party has created. We shall eradicate that German Militarism which has so often disrupted the peace of the world" <br/><br/>In this edict Eisenhower suspends all German courts and educational institutions within the occupied territory and instructs all German officials employees and workers to remain at their posts until further notice. <br/><br/>With Churchill and FDR's statements on "über Deutschlands Zukunft" "on Germany's future" on the verso. Not in Cohen unknown books
19531581571953. A notable portrait presented to a prominent early supporter Inscribed by the president "For Senator William A. Purtell with best wishes and warm regard from his friend Dwight D. Eisenhower"; an appealing image of a pensive Eisenhower by renowned Capitol Hill photographer George Tames taken in the White House as Eisenhower announced the truce ending the Korean War. Purtell 1897-1978 served as Republican Senator for Connecticut in 1952 and from 1953 to 1959. He was one of the earliest Connecticut Republicans to support Eisenhower's run for the presidency. In turn Purtell's success in the November 1952 Connecticut senatorial election rode on the back of the strong public support for Eisenhower in the simultaneous presidential election; Purtell allied himself closely to Eisenhower's campaign platform. "A strong supporter of President D. Eisenhower's policies Senator Purtell was also a staunch American who liked to say: 'we have the finest country the finest system of society and the finest government in the world'" New York Times obituary 1 June 1978. The photographer George Tames 1919-1994 worked for the New York Times on Capitol Hill and in Washington from 1945 to 1985 taking many shots which became iconic. He took the photograph after Eisenhower's joint radio and television address to the nation announcing the signing of the Korean Armistice 26 July 1953. Interestingly this image would have been familiar to millions of Americans through its use on the 6 cent stamp issued in 1970. Official photograph taken by George Tames 358 x 280 mm copyright notice to verso stating reproduction by the Signal Corps of the US Army. Dark oak frame with conservation acrylic glazing 427 x 351 mm. Slight cockling inscription a little faded but still clearly legible very good. unknown
986489Librairie Plon Paris 1949 Fort in-8 ( 230 X 145 mm ) de 671 pages, maroquin vert à grain long, dos à nerfs janséniste, insigne métallique émaillé polychrome de la Première Armée Française "RHIN et DANUBE" enchâssé au centre du premier plat, couvertures conservées. Planches photographiques et cartes dépliantes hors-texte. Nombreuses surlignures, dos et mors frottés. Exemplaire enrichi d'un bel envoi autographe signé du Général DE LATTRE DE TASSIGNY. De la bibliothèque du Colonel POUMAREDE ancien Commandant du 9e Régiment de Hussards ( timbre humide, timbre sec et ex-libris armorié à la devise "Ubique quo honor ducit" ). EXCEPTIONNEL ET PRECIEUX EXEMPLAIRE du plus vif intérêt historique en effet:Le Colonel POUMAREDE a enrichi l'exemplaire:- D'une lettre tapuscrite avec signature autographe du Général DE LATTRE DE TASSIGNY ( La distinction de Maréchal sera attribuée à titre posthume ) P.C., le 24 Mars 1945 adressée à un subalterne BESANCON. ( Dernière page de garde ).- 2 lettres cartes ou billets de La Maréchale DE LATTRE DE TASSIGNY.- 2 billets de voeux.- 1 carte de voeux imprimée avec SIGNATURE AUTOGRAPHE de Dwight EISENHOWER. - De cartons ou cartes d'invitation, de voeux ou de remerciements dont: Général A.J. POMMIER ( P.84 ) - Général Walter Bedell SMITH ( P.166 ).- 1 lettre tapuscrite à en-tête du Gouvernement Provisoire avec signature autographe du Contre-Amiral BARJOT du 4 Mai 1945 adressée au Général DE LATTRE DE TASSIGNY.- 1 billet tapuscrit à en-tête du Gouverneur Militaire avec signature autographe du Général CHEVILLON du 6 Mai 1945. ( P.572 ).- Télégramme du Chiffre en date du 5 Mai 1945 relatif à la rédition des troupes allemandes.- 1 importante lettre manuscrite de l'Attaché Militaire de France à Londres avec signature autographe du Général Roger NOIRET du VE Day ( Victory Europe Day - soit le 8 Mai ) 1945 adressée au Général DE LATTRE DE TASSIGNY. ( P.612 ).- Carte autographe signée du Médecin Général Inspecteur PETCHOT-BACQUE. ( P.660 ).- 1 carte postale avec poème autographe signé du Colonel POMAREDE.- 1 lettre manuscrites avec signature autographe du Général REVERS du 24 Août 1945 adressée au Général DE LATTRE DE TASSIGNY. ( Page de garde ).- 5 télégrammes officiels, secret et très secret au sujet du passage du Roi des Belges LEOPOLD sur les territoires occupés de la Première Armée Française.- Photographies légendées.- De feuillets historiques tapuscrits, télégramme.- De nombreuses coupures de journaux, certaines interfoliées, d'autres collées sur les gardes et contreplats.
196813766Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc 1968. First Edition First Printing. Cloth. Fine/fine. Typed preface by former President Dwight D. Eisenhower for One Heartbeat Away: Presidential Disability and Succession by Senator Birch Bayh. Preface is signed by Eisenhower with handwritten notes by the editor. Includes copy of the book. Octavo ix 3 372pp. Red cloth title stamped on spine. Stated "first printing" on copyright page. This copy is unread. In the publisher's fine dust jacket. Book and documents housed in custom blue cloth clamshell case title in gilt on spine in fine condition. Includes a three-page typed preface by former President Eisenhower stapled at top left corner numerous editorial notes in pencil signed by Eisenhower in black pen on the last page. Provenance: RR Auction of Amherst NH purchased in 2022. ".because this possible peril existed Vice President Nixon and I in consultation with the Attorney General prior to my 1956 operation reduced to memorandum form our understanding as to what would be the Vice President's role in the event of a Presidential disability." - former President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution clarifies the presidential line of succession and eliminates ambiguity about the role of the Vice President. As President Eisenhower noted in his preface his signed agreement with Vice President Nixon did not have the legal authority to make Nixon the president if Eisenhower had become incapacitated during his surgeries. The death of President Kennedy brought new focus on the presidential line of succession with legislation for the Twenty-fifth Amendment proposed by Senator Bayh in 1965 and ratified by the states in 1967. The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc unknown
250444/4/52. <blockquote><p>Ike signed this as president and sent it to a Navy veteran</p></blockquote><p>On April 4 1949 twelve nations from Western Europe and North America signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. A key feature of this treaty is Article 5 in which the signatory members agreed that ""an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.†Initially however the alliance was not very well prepared to carry out the mission of defending its territory. In addition to grave shortages of troops and equipment there was no command structure to direct the overall defense of Western Europe just committees - known as ""Regional Planning Groups"" - that were charged with drawing up plans for the defense of their regions.</p><p>The 12 original members were the United States Canada Britain Belgium Denmark France Iceland Italy Luxembourg the Netherlands Norway and Portugal.</p><p>All this changed after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 which raised fears that Europe could face a similar threat over divided Germany. The nations of the alliance agreed to increase their defence efforts and began working on the creation of an integrated military command structure with an overall commander for NATO forces in Europe.</p><p>Selecting the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe SACEUR was easy since everyone's first choice was the popular and respected U.S. Army Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower who had led allied forces in Europe during World War II. On December 19 1950 the North Atlantic Council announced the appointment of General Eisenhower as the first Supreme Allied Commander.</p><p>In 1952 Greece and Turkey joined in the alliance's first expansion.</p><p><strong>Document signed</strong> by Dwight D. Eisenhower first Supreme Allied Commander of Nato stamped April 4 1952 signed as President in February 1957 the first day cover honoring NATO along with the first NATO stamp honoring NATO. Comes with two letters relating to the cover sent to its owner L. Dean Powell a Navy veteran.</p><p>We have found no other signed examples of this cover having reached the market.</p><p><img class=""alignnone wp-image-25018 size-post-window"" src=""https://cdn.raabcollection.com/wp-content/uploads/20231204144051/Folder-site-11-1600x1327.jpg"" alt="""" width=""1600"" height=""1327"" /></p> unknown
1949121022Cincinatti: Columbia University Alumni Club of Cincinatti 1949. Rare Columbia University Alumni Banquet program signed by the 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower. Large octavo the program was printed for the Regional Columbia University Alumni Banquet held at the Netherland Plaza Hotel on November 22 1949. Signed by Eisenhower on the front panel of the program. Eisenhower served as president of Columbia University after World War II a position he held from 1948 to 1953. In very good condition. Rare. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Columbia University Alumni Club of Cincinatti unknown
110337Photograph of Dwight D. and Mamie Eisenhower boldly signed by each "Dwight D. Eisenhower" and signed "Mamie Doud Eisenhower." Double matted and framed. The entire piece measures 14.5 inches by 12.5 inches. In near fine condition. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. unknown
95836Photograph of the Eisenhower family signed by Dwight D. and Mamie Eisenhower their son and daughter-in-law and only grandchild. Inscribed by Dwight D. Eisenhower "For Ken & Joyce Browne with best wishes Dwight D. Eisenhower" and signed "Mamie Doud Eisenhower." Additionally inscribed by the Eisenhowers' eldest son John and his wife Barbara "To the Brownes from Barbara and John Eisenhower" and signed by their son David Eisenhower. In fine condition. Double matted and framed. The entire piece measures 16 inches by 14.25 inches. Rare and desirable signed by members of three generations of the Eisenhower family. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. unknown
196318169Garden City: Doubleday and Company 1963. Limited Edition. Cloth. Near fine/good. Signed limited edition of The White House Years: Mandate for Change and Waging Peace by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Octavo xvii 650pp; xxiii 741pp. Beige cloth title printed in gilt on green spine. Illustrated endpapers. Both volumes in the publisher's issued slipcases with shelf wear to labels solid bindings. In the publisher's mylar dust jackets large chip on spine of Waging Peace closed tear to jacket of "Mandate for Change." From a signed limited edition of 1500 with "Waging Peace" numbered 958 and "Mandate for Change" numbered 1432 both signed by President Eisenhower on the limitation page. Doubleday and Company unknown
1949121022Cincinatti: Columbia University Alumni Club of Cincinatti 1949. Rare Columbia University Alumni Banquet program signed by the 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower. Large octavo the program was printed for the Regional Columbia University Alumni Banquet held at the Netherland Plaza Hotel on November 22 1949. Signed by Eisenhower on the front panel of the program. <span class="match">Eisenhower</span> served as president of Columbia University after World War II a position he held from 1948 to 1953. In very good condition. Rare. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Columbia University Alumni Club of Cincinatti unknown books
1948246019New York: Doubleday & Company 1948. Carbon copy typescript 23 chapters. 2 vols. 4to. In black morocco-grained cloth binders. Some rust and small tears from paper clips at margins else near fine. Carbon copy typescript 23 chapters. 2 vols. 4to. Carbon copy typescript of Eisenhower's memoir of the WWII European campaign Crusade in Europe. With a note from Bill Robinson Vice-President of the Herald Tribune giving this typescript to Doug Black President of Doubleday the book's publisher. It was by Robinson's insistence that Eisenhower wrote these memoirs.<br/><br/>The typescript differs little from the first published edition with the following edits being the most significant:<br/><br/>Chapters 16 and 17 in the typescript "Pursuit" and "Battle of Supply" are arranged with slight modification in the published edition as "Pursuit and the Battle of Supply" chapter 16 and "Autumn Fighting of Germany's Frontier" chapter 17. <br/><br/>Chapters 22 and 23 "Europe after V-E Day" and "Russia" are also re-arranged in the published edition as "Victory's Aftermath" chapter 22 "Operation Study" chapter 23 and "Russia" chapter 24. The final paragraph of the typescript does not appear in the published edition and is replaced by an eight paragraph discussion of the merits of democracy in facing the growing threat of Communism.<br/><br/>After a gentlemen's agreement on Dec 30 1947 Eisenhower began work on the first draft of Crusade in Europe completing it March 29 1948. This draft was finished July 4 of that year and a final typescript now at Columbia University was produced before the book was published in the fall of 1948. Provenance: Bill Robinson; Doug Black Doubleday & Company unknown books
1954WRCAM42238Washington D.C. 1954. 1p. on White House stationery. Fine. It isn't clear to us which book the Illinois manuscript dealer and Lincoln scholar Hostick gave Eisenhower but President Eisenhower felt moved to write: ".As you point out it is interesting and sad to note the lack of prominence given to one of the greatest utterances of all time.it is a welcome addition to the library I hope to have at Gettysburg." The Eisenhowers had a small working farm just outside of Gettysburg where the President retired in 1961 and where he died in 1969. He was an active supporter and Trustee of Gettysburg College. unknown books
110337Photograph of Dwight D. and Mamie Eisenhower boldly signed by each "Dwight D. Eisenhower" and signed "Mamie Doud Eisenhower." Double matted and framed. The entire piece measures 14.5 inches by 12.5 inches. In near fine condition. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. unknown books
95836Photograph of the Eisenhower family signed by Dwight D. and Mamie Eisenhower their son and daughter-in-law and only grandchild. Inscribed by Dwight D. Eisenhower "For Ken & Joyce Browne with best wishes Dwight D. Eisenhower" and signed "Mamie Doud Eisenhower." Additionally inscribed by the Eisenhowers' eldest son John and his wife Barbara "To the Brownes from Barbara and John Eisenhower" and signed by their son David Eisenhower. In fine condition. Double matted and framed. The entire piece measures 16 inches by 14.25 inches. Rare and desirable signed by members of three generations of the Eisenhower family. Dwight Eisenhower was an Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front. In 1951 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. unknown books
1998Double Day Doran. signed limited. fine/the jackets are fine - the slipcase for vol. 1 is near fine with just a little flecking to the front panel and tiny nick to one foredge of the slipcase for vol.1 -- the slipcase for vol.2 is fine both slipcase are solid. Double Day Doran unknown
19482403005Doubleday & Co 1948. first. hardcover. INSCRIBED first edition 1948 stated on title and copyright page. Inscribed by Eisenhower on the dedication page. Book near fine front corners very slightly bumped previous owner's bookplate attached to verso of front free end paper. Dust jacket very good price-clipped some wear. Comes in custom-made paper covered slipcase. Doubleday & Co unknown
92470Rare original photograph of Dwight D. Eisenhower Herbert Hoover and Iowan Governor William Beardsley seated in an automobile which was part of the August 1954 Iowa State Fair Parade. Boldly signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower and Herbert Hoover and inscribed by Beardsley "For the Ken Brownes Wm. S. Beardsley"Accompanied by a typed letter signed by Herbert Hoover dated April 25 1960 and addressed to Kenneth Browne "Dear Mr. Browne: I do appreciate your sending me that Indian version of the 23rd Psalm. It was most gracious of you. Yours faithfully "Herbert Hoover." Both the photograph and letter are in near fine condition. Rare and desirable signed by Eisenhower and Hoover. American engineer businessman and politician Herbert Hoover served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. A Republican he introduced themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization efficiency and international trade. Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first Republican-elected President since Herbert Hoover in 1928 with the primary goals of containing the expansion of the Soviet Union and reducing federal deficits. unknown
