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BERZELIUS, JONS JACOB - ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTENT WORKS IN THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY- GERMAN VERSIONBiblio.com

181143628Halle Rengerschen Buchhandlung 1811 1811 1812. Without wrappers as published in "Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 37 Drittes u. Viertes Stück Bd. 38 Sechtes Stück Bd. 40 Zweites u. Drittes Stück. The entire issues offered 5 issues. With titlepage to vol. 37 38 a. 40. Pp. 233-480 a. 3 engraved plates. pp. 121-236 a. 2 engraved plates. pp. 117-348 a. 1 engraved plate. Berzelius's papers: pp. 249-337 a. 415-472.- Pp. 161-226. - Pp. 162-208 a. 235-330. The papers represents one of the first announcements of Berzelius' discovery of the fixed chemical proportions determining the weights and valencies of the various constituent elements in inorganic compounds. The papers were published at the same time in German both here in Annalen and in Schweiger's Journal and in French. By running many hundreds of analysis of chemical compounds he gave so many examples of the law of definite proportions that the world of chemistry could no longer doubt its validity and in so doing he gave experimental evidence to the atomic theory. He hereby laid a solid fundation for the further development of chemistry.According to Söderbaum Jac. Berzelius 2 p.12 "It was a giant work one of the most importent in the history of chemistry which was here presented. One is even more impressed when one remembers that it was a pioneer undertaking in every sense of the term. Analytic and synthetic methods existed before Berzelius' time to be sure but there were no precise methods of the sort which he required. They all had to be elaborated at the cost of time and labour."J. Erik Jorpes "Jac. Berzelius" p.45."In general Berzelius's efforts were directed toward the consolidation and extension of the atomic theory. He improved chemical analysis and determined the composition of a large number of compounds thus verifying the laws of constant and multiple proportions and furnishing the most accurate equivalent weights then available. By ingenious methods he arrived at the correct atomic composition of most common substances and thus was enabled to draw up in 1826 a table of atomic weights very nearly identical with the modern one."Leicester & Klicktein "A Source Book in Chemistry" p. 258.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1810-20 C. unknown

KEKULE, AUGUST - THE REVOLUTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Ueber die Constitution und die metamorphosen der chemischen Verbindungen und über die chemische Natur des Kohlenstoffs.

185848805Leipzig und Heidelberg C.F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung 1858. 8vo. Later hcloth. Spine with gilt lettering. In: "Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. hrsg. von Friedrich Wöhler justus Liebig und hermann Kopp" Band CVI. With both titlepages. 8392 pp. a. 1 litographed plate shaved in outer margin ut not belonging to Kekule's paper. Entire volume offered. Kekule's paper: pp. 129-159. Internally clean. First appearance of this milestone paper in organic chemistry in which he demonstrated the mutual linking together of carbon atoms developed the idea of affinity units later called "valence bonds" and thus making it possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing large numbers of carbon atoms. This was "the final step in the development of modern structural formulas for organic compounds." Leicester & Klickstein p. 417"It was not till 1858 that a satisfactory theory of molecular constitution was advanced simultaneously and independently by thwo young chemists Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper. The theory of molecular constitution put foreward.by Couper and Kekulé rested on two main postulates the quadriivalency of carbon.and the capacity of the carbon atom for mutual linking or combining together to form a carbon "chain". By this hypothesis of the mutual linking together of carbon atoms - which waslater confirmed by experiment - it was possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing a large number of carbon atoms. On the foundation of their postulates two postulates moreover they showed how the molecular constitution or mutual linking together of the atoms of a compound could be represented diagrammatically and the relstions between different compounds made readily intelligible. In his classic paper "On a New Chemical Theory" the paper offered here in its first appearance advanced beyond Kekulé by representing the constitutions of the compounds by means of GRAPHIC FORMULA in which as at the present day the valencies pf the atoms are represented by lines.his formulae are similar to those at present in use."Findlay pp. 34 ff"The theory of Kekulé and Couper gave the chemists the means of solving the problems of chemical constitution; and by means of the graphic or constitutional formulae it became possible to represent the molecular constitution of known compounds and to foresee the possible existence of isomeric compounds."Findlay.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1858 C. - Ostwald's Klassiker No. 183. - Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry" pp. 417-425. - Exhibition of First Editions of Epochal Achievements in the History of Science Berkeley 1934. No 57. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark8 500,00 DKK≈ 1 141,55 €

FRANKLAND, E (EDWARD). - INTRODUCING "VALENCY" IN CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

On a New Series of Organic Bodies containing Metals. Received May 10- Read June 171852.

185242941London Richard Taylor and William Francis 1852 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1852 - Part II. With titlepage to Part II. pp. 417-444 textillustr. Fine and clean. First appearance of an extremely importent paper in the histroy of chemistry as Frankland here introduced the concept of 'VALENCY' - he called it 'atomicity' - to explain the capacity of atoms to combine with other atoms. "This led not only to the Kekulé structures but also to the periodic table of Mendeléev since that table was based on the regular change of valence with atomic weight."Asimov."On May 10 1852 Frankland read to the Royal Society a paper on organic metallic compounds the paper offered in which he made the emperical observation that elements possessed fixed combining powers or "only room so to speak for the attachement of a fixed and definite number of the atoms of other elements." The expression "valence" or "Valency" began to be used by other chemists only after 1865 wheras Frankland tended to use the misleading term "atomicity".Frankland's teching position at the Royal College of Chemistry and his influence on the Department of Sciences and Art science examinations enembled him to spread the idea through the younger generation of British chemists."DSB V p. 126.The exact inception however of the theory of chemical valencies can be traced to an 1852 paper by Edward Frankland in which he combined the older theories of free radicals and "type theory" with thoughts on chemical affinity to show that certain elements have the tendency to combine with other elements to form compounds containing 3 i.e. in the three atom groups e.g. NO3 NH3 NI3 etc. or 5 i.e. in the five atom groups e.g. NO5 NH4O PO5 etc. equivalents of the attached elements. It is in this manner according to Frankland that their affinities are best satisfied. Wikepedia. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark7 500,00 DKK≈ 1 007,25 €

Sessler, John G, & Weiss, VolkerBiblio.com

Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook: Volume I- Ferrous Alloys; Volume II- Non-Ferrous Light Metal Alloys; Vol. IIA- Non-Ferrous Heat Resistant Alloys / 4th Revised Edition 3-Volume Set

1967ME-75Syracuse N.Y.: Syracuse University Press 1967. Comprehensive three-volume Vol. II & IIA are bound as one volume standard reference set compiled by Syracuse University under USAF contract administered under the direction of the Information Processing Section Materials Information Branch Air Force Materials Laboratory Research & Technology Division Air Force Systems Command Wright- Patterson Air Force Base Ohio. Each volume is self contained in a black vinyl covered heavy-duty 4-post loose-leaf binder. Each volume covers a general discussion of alloys and their properties; physical chemical and mechanical properties; and fabrication. Vol.I contains sections on martensite stainless steels; age hardening steel; nickel chromium steels; austenitic stainless steels; ultra-high strength steels; carbon and low alloy steels. Vol.IIA contains sections on nickel base alloys; cobalt base alloys; beryllium alloys; columbium alloys; molybenum alloys; tantalum alloys; tungsten alloys; vanadium alloys; zirconium alloys. Vol.II contains sections on aluminum alloys: wrought heat treatable AIWT and wrought non-treatable AIWN; magnesium alloys: wrought heat treatable MgWT and wrought non-treatable MgWN; titanium alloys. Alloys are in numerical sequence by alloy code number. Handbook includes data source references; physical chemical and mechanical properties; fabrication; glossary of terms discussion of fracture toughness and a cross reference of the alloys. Tab-indexed pages. Total number of alloy chapters currently contained in this Handbook is 180; 66 in Volume I; 56 in Volume II and 58 in Volume IIA. Over 2000 pgs. Illustrated. Minimal shelfwear. Heavy item. Scarce. Fourth Revised Edition. Looseleaf Binding. Very Good. 4to - over 9¾" - 12" tall. Syracuse University Press unknown

GlobalAcademics · États-Unis1 140,00 $US≈ 964,55 €

COUPER, A - S(ARCHIBALD SCOTT). - INTRODUCING A NEW ERA IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Sur une nouvelle Théorie cimique.

185844228Paris Victor Masson 1858. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3e Series - Tome 53. 512 pp. a. 2 folded engarved plates.The entire volume offered. Couper's paper: pp. 469-489. Some scattered brownspots. First appearance of this milestone paper in organic chemistry - a shorter note was published in Comptes Rendus in June 1858 - in which independently of Kekulé Couper introduces the CONCEPT OF BONDS represented as a dash or a dotted line in chemistry and also observes the very importent fact that carbon atoms forms the backbone of organic compounds."It was not till 1858 that a satisfactory theory of molecular constitution was advanced simultaneously and endependently by thwo young chemists Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper. The theory of molecular constitution put foreward.by Couper and Kekulé rested on two main postulates the quadriivalency of carbon.and the capacity of the carbon atom for mutual linking or combining together to form a carbon "chain". By this hypothesis of the mutual linking together of carbon atoms - which waslater confirmed by experiment - it was possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing a large number of carbon atoms. On the foundation of their postulates two postulates moreover they showed how the molecular constitution or mutual linking together of the atoms of a compound could be represented diagrammatically and the relstions between different compounds made readily intelligible. In his classic paper "On a New Chemical Theory" the paper offered here in its first appearance advanced beyond Kekulé by representing the constitutions of the compounds by means of GRAPHIC FORMULA in which as at the present day the valencies pf the atoms are represented by lines.his formulae are similar to those at present in use."Findlay pp. 34 ff"The theory of Kekulé and Couper gave the chemists the maeans of solving the problems of chemical constitution; and by means of the graphic or constitutional formulae it became possible to represent the molecular constitution of known compounds and to foresee the possible existence of isomeric compounds."Findlay.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1858 C.The volume contains another importent monumental memoir MARCELLIN BERTHELOT "Sur la Synthèse des Carbures D'Hydrogene" pp. 69-208. Here he prsents his review of his work in organic chemistry during the previous ten years. "In his conclusion Berthelot argued that chemistry differed from a descriptive science such as natural history by being creative and that in this it resembled the mathematical sciences."DSB hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark6 500,00 DKK≈ 872,95 €

Pauling, LinusBiblio.com

The Crystal Structure of Molybdenite 1923 The Structure of Sodalite and Helvite 1930 The Structure of Some Sodium and Calcium Aluminosilicates 1930 The Structure of the Chlorites 1930 The Structure of the Micas and Related Minerals 1930 The Crystal Structure of Zunyite 1933 On the Stability of the S8 Molecule and the Structure of Fibrous Sulfur 1949 and The Stochastic Method and the Structure of Proteins 1953

981st Edition. FIRST EDITION OF EIGHT RARE OFFPRINTS by Linus Pauling detailing his prominent contributions to the general understanding of the nature of the chemical bond here bringing quantum mechanics to the solution of the nature of the chemical bonds that determine inorganic crystal structure. Collectively these papers represent Pauling's first works after his 1928 finding detailing a set of rules for working out probable crystalline structures from the X-ray diffraction patterns. In that paper and in these "Pauling was the first to enunciate an understanding of a physical interpretation of the bonds between - and the nature of - molecules and crystals from a chemical perspective" Bragg History of Science Website. ""The new field of x-Ray crystallography emerged after World War 1 where x-Rays reflected through crystals resulted in photographs. Pauling used x-Ray diffraction photography in the 1930s to analyze the crystal structure of inorganic molecules and to revolutionize the understanding of chemical bonds" Swedin Science in the Contemporary World 49. Early in his career Pauling set out to create 'A framework for understanding the electronic and geometric structure of molecules and crystals' Pauling. Pauling learned that "when X-rays are directed at a crystal some are knocked off course by striking atoms while others pass straight through as if there are no atoms in their path. The result is a diffraction pattern - a pattern of dark and light lines that reveal the positions of the atoms in the crystal Bragg. By using the technique of X-ray diffraction Pauling "determined the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms of many crystalline structures. Analyzing chemical structure became the central theme of his scientific work. To complement the experimental tool that X-ray analysis provided for exploring molecular structure Pauling turned to quantum mechanics as a theoretical tool. and his application of quantum theory to structural chemistry helped to establish the subject Britannica. CONDITION & DETAILS: "The Crystal Structure of Molybdenite" 1923 in The Journal of the American Chemical Society; "The Structure of Sodalite and Helvite" 1930 in Zeitschrift fur Kristallographic ZfK; "The Structure of the Micas and Related Minerals" 1930 in PNAS; "The Structure of Some Sodium and Calcium Aluminosilicates" 1930 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS; "The Structure of the Chlorites" 1930 in PNAS; "The Crystal Structure of Zunyite" 1933 in ZfK; "On the Stability of the S8 Molecule and the Structure of Fibrous Sulfur" 1949 in PNAS and "The Stochastic Method and the Structure of Proteins" 1953 in XIIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Each of the offprints is in fine condition; name of prior owner stamped on each cover in very light and small print. Included also is a 1954 photo of Pauling. unknown

Atticus Rare Books · États-Unis900,00 $US≈ 761,49 €

BERTHOLLET, CLAUDE LOUIS - PREPARING THE WAY FOR THE ATOMIC THEORY IN CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Recherches sur les lois de l'affinité. Suite des Recherches. Suite des Recherches. Suite des Recherches. Suite des recherches. 5 Parts.

180146023Paris Chez Fuchs An IX1801. Boundin 3 contemp. hcalf. Gilt spuines. Light wear along edges. In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie" Tome 36 37 and 38. Entire volumes offered. 336;3302;3342 pp. and 5 engraved plates. Berthollet's paper: pp. 302-317 pp. 151-181 221-252 pp. 3-29 113-134. Together with the memoir printed at the same time in "Mémoires de l'Institut." this is the first appearance of B's groundbreaking work on the nature of chemical affinity and the fact that many factors influence chemical reactions comparing chemical affinity to the force of gravity. The paper was at the end of the year published separately.The theory set forth here "led directly to Prout's investigations which yielded a knowledge of definite chemical proportions and thus played a very importent part in preparing the way for the development of the Atomic Theory on which the whole modern chemistry is based."Duveen p. 75."Berthollet read a memoir on the general theory of affinities while he was still in Egypt. This was the starting point of his complete new system of chemistry first briefly sketched in Recherches sur les lois de l’affinité 1801 and later developed into the comprehensive two volume Essai de statique chimique. Here he attempted to provide a proper basis for chemistry so that its experimental results could be viewed in the light of theoretical first principles. Berthollet developed a theory and a model adequate for the understanding and the interpretation of the rapidly growing body of chemical knowledge in his time. He was aware that the positive work of constructing a new theory had yet to be performed after the shock of Lavoisier’s criticism of the old chemistry.DSB.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1801 C. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 000,00 DKK≈ 671,50 €

BERZELIUS, JONS JACOB - THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY INTRODUCEDBiblio.com

Experiments on the Nature of Azote of Hydrogen and of Ammonia and upon the Degrees of Oxidation of which Azote is susceptible.

181349243London Robert Baldwin 1813. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Marbled boards. Spine lacks and boards loose. In: "Annals of Philosophy; or Magazine of Chemistry Mineralogy Mechanics. By Thomas Thomson". Vol. II. - VIII480 pp. a. 7 plates. Entire volume offered. Berzelius' paper: pp. 276-284 357-368. Some browning and brownspots to plates. First printing of this milestone papers in the history of chemistry where Berzelius introduced his famous chemical symbolism the offered paper is the first on the subject - Leicester & Klickstein calls it the "Preliminary note whereby an element is generally represented by the first letter of its Latin name or in the event of elements having the same first letter by the first two letters. Even though his atomic symbols were introduced in 1813 see the note on p. 359 it was quite a few years before Berzelius's symbols were adopted by the chemistry community. But once accepted they became the new international language of chemistry. Berzelius "contributed more to the development of the atomic theory and to the setting up of accurate values of the atomic weights than did any other worker of the time. Of his contributions moreover to the development of the atomic theory and the advancement of chemical science not the least valuable was the introduction of a chemical symbolism which with slight modification is in use at the present day. By giving his symbols a quantitative meaning - the symbol of an element representing one atomic proportion by weight - it was possible "to show briefly and clearly the number of elementary atoms in each compound and after the determination of their relative weights present the results of each analysis in a simple and easely retained manner". This symbolism was speedily adopted on the Continent but in England only after some considerable time."Findlay "A Hundred Years of Chemistry" p. 14.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1813 C. - Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry" p. 258 ff. - Holmberg 1813:28 a. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 000,00 DKK≈ 671,50 €