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EULER, LEONHARD - THE OPTICAL THEORY OF COMPOUND LENSES FOR TELESCOPES AND MICROSCOPESBiblio.com

HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von - FOUNDING THE MODERN THEORY OF COLOURBiblio.com

Ueber Hrn. Brewster's neue Analyse des Sonnenlichts.

185243564Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1852. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Dritte Reihe Bd. 26 Achtes Stück.= Heft No. 8 of 1852. The entire issue No. 8 offered. Titlepage to vol. 26. Pp. 501-600. Helmholtz's paper: pp. 501-523. Clean and fine. First appearance of this founding paper in the modern theory of colour in which Helmholtz proved the surprising fact that there are only two among the colours of the spectrum yellow and indigo-blue which together yields pure white that is are complementary to each other whereas their combination had always been supposed to produce green."Helmholtz turned to the intricate problems of color vision in 1852 with an attack on Sir David Brewster's new theory of light. Brewster had maintained the objective reality of three primary colors by supposing in opposition to Newton that there exist three distinct kinds of light each of which excites in the eye one of the sensations red yellow or blue. Helmholtz regarded the theory as still another confusion of physical stimulus and subjective responce.He also revived Young's theory of color visoin.only to refute it. He had discovered that spectral colors when mixed always yield a duller color of less-than-spectral saturation. Therefore the whole idea that all colors may be obtained from mixtures of three primary colors must be incorrect he concluded for the spectral colorss at least can never be obtained in their full saturation by mixing any three of their number.Although Helmholtz dismissed Young's theory in 1852 by 1858 he had changed his mind and become its formost advocate. In order to save Ypoung's theory.Helmholtz asumed that Young's physiological primaries are not spectral colors att all but colors of far greater-than-spectral saturation."DSB VI pp. 246-247. Garrison & Morton 1508. unknown

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CARTAN, ELIE - THE EINSTEIN-CARTAN THEORY (ECT) OF GRAVITATIONBiblio.com

Sur une définition géométrique du tenseur d'énergie d'Einstein. Sur une généralisation de la notion de courbure de Riemann et les espaces à torsion. Sur les espaces généralisés et la théorie de la Relativité. Sur les espaces conformes.

192248912Paris Gauthier-Villars 1922. 4to. Bound in 2 uniform full cloth but of slightly different sizes. Paperlabels pasted to lower part of spines. A faint stamp to titlepage and some of the issues. In "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 174. 18151 pp. Entire volume offered. Cartan's papers: pp.437-439 593-595 734-737 857-60 1104-1107. First edition of these papers in which Cartan intruced the concept of "Torsion" the main inspiration for Einstein in his searce for a unified field theory. The ECT of gravity is a modification of the General relativity Theory"The Einstein-Cartan theory also known as the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory is a classical theory of gravitation similar to general relativity but relaxing the assumption that the affine connection has vanishing antisymmetric part torsion tensor so that the torsion can be coupled to the intrinsic angular momentum spin of matter much in the same way in which the curvature is coupled to the energy and momentum of matter. In fact the spin of matter in curved spacetime requires that torsion is not constrained to be zero but is a variable in the principle of stationary action. Regarding the metric and torsion tensors as independent variables gives the correct generalization of the conservation law for the total orbital plus intrinsic angular momentum to the presence of the gravitational field. The theory was first proposed by Élie Cartan in 1922 and expounded in the following few years. Dennis Sciama and Tom Kibble independently revisited the theory in the 1960s and an important review was published in 1976. Albert Einstein became affiliated with the theory in 1928 during his unsuccessful attempt to match torsion to the electromagnetic field tensor as part of a unified field theory. This line of thought led him to the related but different theory of teleparallelism." Wikipedia. hardcover

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FRANCK, J und G HERTZ - PROVING THE QUANTIZED MODEL OF THE BOHR ATOM AND PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORYBiblio.com

Über Zusammenstösse zwischen Elektronen und den Molekülen des Quecksilberdampfes und die Ionisierungsspannung desselben. Über die Erregung der Quecksilberresonanzlinie 2536 uu durch Elektronenstösse.

191448028Braunschweig Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn 1914. Lex8vo. Contemp hcloth gilt spine. Lower spine end a bit frayed otherwise very fine. In: "Verhandlungen der deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft im Jahre 1914" 16. Jahrgang. IX1072 pp. Franck & Hertz' papers: pp. 457-467 a. 512-517 textillustr. Fine and clean. First apperance of the famous Franck-Hertz Experiment which is considered as a new and independent support not only of Planck's quantum theory and Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis but also of Bohr's theory of the atom with stationary states of discrete energies.Franck and Hertz were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925 for this work and Franck concluded his Nobel lecture with the words "We know only to well that we owe the wide recognition that our work received to contact with the great concepts and ideas of M. Planck and in particular Niels Bohr.""In their famous experiments Franck and Hertz' showed that electrons could impart energy to a mercury atom only if they had a kinetic energy exceeding 4.9 ev. and that exactly this quantum of energy was taken up by the mercury atom causing it to emit light of the resonance line Å 2537. It was the first direct proof of the quantized nature of the energy transfer and of the connection of the quantum DeltaE of energy with the frequency p = DeltaE/h of the light emitted as the result of the transfer. These experiments are rightly regarded as the first decisive proof of the reality of the quantized energy levels that had just been postulated by Niel’s Bohr." DSB.See: Siegmund Brandt "The Harevest of a Century. Discoveries of Modern Physics in 100 Episodes" Episode 25 The Franck-Hartz Experiment 1914 pp. 102-104.The volume contains another importent paper ALBERT EINSTEIN "Beiträge zur Quantentheorie" pp. 820-828. First edition. "In this paper. two considerations are given which are interrelated by a common goal inasmuch as it is attempted to derive two of the most importent achievementss of quantum theory viz. Planck's radiation law and Nernst's third law of thermodynamics in a new manner. The proofs do not involve Boltzmann's equation and are thus based enterely on macroscopic thermodynamics. They do introduce however the quantum hupothesis. Einstein points out that the alleged 'proofs' which try to derive the theorem of Nernst from the mere fact that the heat capacity of all substances goes to zero at absolute zero temterature are not genuine." Cornelius Lanczos.Weil No 67. hardcover

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CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF). - A MAIN PAPER ON THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

Ueber die mittlere Länge der Wege welche bei der Molecularbewegung gasförmiger Körper von den einzelnen Molecülen zurückgelegt werden; nebst einigen anderen Bemerkungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie.

185843056Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1858. Contemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Vierte Reihe Bd. 15 =Poggendorff Bd. 105. X636 pp. and 4 folded lithographed plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 239-258. The entire volume offered. Fine and clean. First printing of this main paper in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in which Clausius announced his determination of the equation governing the mean free path lenght of a molecule moving freely in gases. By this he inscribed his name as one of the founders of the Kinetic Theory of Gases."Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors."Magie in "A Source Book in Physics" p. 228."In order to analyze the process of molecular collisions Clausius adopted a simplified model for his admittedly complicated molecule. He assumed that whatever the actual patterns on intermolecular forces one could suppose that there is some advantage distance between the centers of molecules which would represent a general boundary between attractive and repulsive forces. If two molecules were to approach each other within that boundary repulsion would generally occur. Thus the very complex problem of intermolecular action was reduced to a "billiard ball" model." DSB III p. 307-06. - Parkinson Breakthroughs C/P 1858. hardcover

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HERAPATH, JOHN - THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

On the Physical Properties of Gases. To Dr. Thomsen A Mathematical Inquiry into the Causes Laws and principal Phaenomena of heat Gases Gravitation &c. 3 Parts.

181646878London Baldwin Cradock and Joy 1816 a. 1821. Bound in 2 uniform contemp. moiré boards. Light wear along edges and a fes smaller scratches. In: "Annals of Philosophy; or Magazine of Chemistry Mineralogy Mechanics Natural History. By Thomas Thomson." Vol. VIII and New series Vol. I. VIII479 pp. a. 9 engraved plates VIII479 pp. a. 7 engraved plates. Entire volumes offered. Herapath's papers: pp. 56-60 1816 a. pp. 273-293 340-351 a. 401-416. First printing of these contoversial papers where Herapath revived the kinetic theory of gases. His theory was more or less neglected by the scientific community at his time. The kinetic theory remained dormant and forgotten after Euler's and Bernouilli's work "until 1816 when Herapath proposed a theory which is essential Bernoulli's. Unfortunately he chose to define temperature as being proportional to the momentum rather than the kinetic energy of molecules. Herapath was the first to show more or less that kinetic theory can provide simple explanations for the changes of state diffusion and the propagation of sound."Trousdell "Essayas in the History of Mechanics" pp. 283 ff.Euler Bernoulli Herapath and Waterston may be considered the principal scientists who prior to 1850 attempted a more or less complete mathematical treatment of gases based on a set of molecular postulates. Jamie Wisniak."Having published a preliminary notice of his theory in the Annals of Philosophy in 1816 Herapath submitted a detailed account to the Royal Society in 1820. Davy who was elected to the presidency of the Society in November of that year was primarily responsible for the fate of the paper. Although Davy was already known as an advocate of the qualitative idea that heat is molecular motion he found Herapath’s quantitative development too speculative and complicated; he rejected the hypothesis of an absolute temperature implying an "absolute zero" of cold. Having been told that his paper would not be accepted for publication in the Philosophical Transactions Herapath withdrew it and published it instead in the Annals of Philosophy in 1821. Five years later he launched an attack on Davy in the Times of London accusing him of circulating unfounded criticisms of his experimental work which prevented its publication. Although Davy ignored a series of letters and challenges published in the Times Herapath later claimed Davy’s resignation from the presidency of the Royal Society 1827 as a victory for himself."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 500,00 DKK≈ 738,65 €

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