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Society for the Advancement of Economic TheoryBiblio.com

Economic Theory. volumes 1-20. 1991-2002

DIRAC, PAM (PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE). - THE RADIATION THEORY, THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS P A MBiblio.com

The Quantum Theory of Emission and Absorption of Radiation. The Quantum Theory of Dispersion. 2 Papers.

192747023London Harrison And Sons Ltd. 1927. Royal8vo. Contemp. full cloth. A small stamp on verso of titlepage. In: "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London" Series A Vol. 114. VIIX748 pp. entire volume offered. Dirac's papers: pp. 243-265 a. pp. 710-728. Clean and fine. First appearance of these milestone papers in Quantum Physics constituting the first step in Quantum Field Theory and the invention of the Second Quantifization Method. By these papers Dirac "gave the foundation for that theory quantum electrodynamics"Pais."A New Radiation Theory. Dirac liked his transformation theory because it was the outcome of a planned line of research and not a fortuitous discovery. He forced his future investigations to fit it. The first results of this strategy were almost miraculous. First came his new radiation theory in February 1927 which quantized for the first time James Clerk Maxwell’s radiation in interaction with atoms. Previous quantum-mechanical studies of radiation problems except for Jordan’s unpopular attempt retained purely classical fields. In late 1925 Jordan had applied Heisenberg’s rules of quantization to continuous free fields and obtained a light-quantum structure with the expected statistics Bose Einstein and dual fluctuation properties. Dirac further demonstrated that spontaneous emission and its characteristics—previously taken into account only by special postulates—followed from the interaction between atoms and the quantum field. Essential to this success was the fact that Dirac’s transformation theory eliminated from the interpretation of the quantum formalism every reference to classical emitted radiation contrary to Heisenberg’s original point of view and also to Schrödinger’s concept of as a classical source of field.This work was done during Dirac’s visit to Copenhagen in the winter of 1927. Presumably to please Bohr who insisted on wave-particle duality and equality Dirac opposed the "corpuscular point of view" to the quantized electromagnetic "wave point of view." He started with a set of massless Bose particles described by symmetric waves in configuration space. As he discovered by’ playing with the equations ’ this description was equivalent to a quantized Schrödinger equation in the space of one particle; this’ second quantization’ was already known to Jordan who during 1927 extended it into the basic modern quantum field representation of matter. Dirac limited his use of second quantization electromagnetic to radiation: to establish that the corpuscular point of view once brought into this form was equivalent to the wave point of view."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark8 500,00 DKK≈ 1 141,55 €

LE VERRIER, URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH - A CONFIRMATION OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITYBiblio.com

Recherches sur L'Orbite de Mercure et sur ses Pertubations. Détermination de la Masse de Vénus et du Diamètre du Soleil;

184342922Paris Imprimerie de Bachelier 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées.Publié par Joseph Liouville" tome VIII. Pp. 273-360. Clean and fine. First appearance of Le Verrier's provisional theory on the motion of Mercury his studies of which eventually did much to demonstrate the validity of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The planetary orbits should agree with the predictions of the General Theory of relativity but as Einstein pointed out in his "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkurs aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" from 1915 the divergences predicted were too small to be observed except in the case of the nearest planet Mercury where the perihelion advance according to the formula reaches the value of 43"" per 100 years being in full agreement with the calculations of Le Verrier who found this unexplained rest in the perihelion advance of Mercury per century if the perturbations due to the other planets are deduced.- Einstein tells in a letter to a friend that for several days he was in a 'state of delirious joy' by this wonderful astronomical confirmation of his theory."Le Verrier first began to study Mercury on the suggestion of Arago in 1840. Astronomers realized that Mercury's perihelion the point at which the orbit of a planet is closest to the sun advanced along its orbit at a rate of 566 seconds per century. Le Verrier calculated that even when taking into account the forces exerted by other planets in the solar system there still existed a discrepancy between calculation and observation. Le Verrier's accurate calculations showed that the planet's perihelion.did indeed advance forty seconds of an arc per century more than could be accounted for by Newton's theory of gravitation even after the minor pertubing effects of the other planets had been allowed for." Asimov. - Le verrier published these findings in the present work carefully as to the mass of the planet comparison with other orbits of planets and their perihelia. At the time Le Verrier put down the discrepancy to mis-observation or mis-calculation.- Sparrow Milestones of Science No. 133. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark8 500,00 DKK≈ 1 141,55 €

CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF). - A MAIN PAPER ON THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

Ueber die mittlere Länge der Wege welche bei der Molecularbewegung gasförmiger Körper von den einzelnen Molecülen zurückgelegt werden; nebst einigen anderen Bemerkungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie.

185843056Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1858. Contemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Vierte Reihe Bd. 15 =Poggendorff Bd. 105. X636 pp. and 4 folded lithographed plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 239-258. The entire volume offered. Fine and clean. First printing of this main paper in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in which Clausius announced his determination of the equation governing the mean free path lenght of a molecule moving freely in gases. By this he inscribed his name as one of the founders of the Kinetic Theory of Gases."Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors."Magie in "A Source Book in Physics" p. 228."In order to analyze the process of molecular collisions Clausius adopted a simplified model for his admittedly complicated molecule. He assumed that whatever the actual patterns on intermolecular forces one could suppose that there is some advantage distance between the centers of molecules which would represent a general boundary between attractive and repulsive forces. If two molecules were to approach each other within that boundary repulsion would generally occur. Thus the very complex problem of intermolecular action was reduced to a "billiard ball" model." DSB III p. 307-06. - Parkinson Breakthroughs C/P 1858. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 500,00 DKK≈ 738,65 €

HERAPATH, JOHN - THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

On the Physical Properties of Gases. To Dr. Thomsen A Mathematical Inquiry into the Causes Laws and principal Phaenomena of heat Gases Gravitation &c. 3 Parts.

181646878London Baldwin Cradock and Joy 1816 a. 1821. Bound in 2 uniform contemp. moiré boards. Light wear along edges and a fes smaller scratches. In: "Annals of Philosophy; or Magazine of Chemistry Mineralogy Mechanics Natural History. By Thomas Thomson." Vol. VIII and New series Vol. I. VIII479 pp. a. 9 engraved plates VIII479 pp. a. 7 engraved plates. Entire volumes offered. Herapath's papers: pp. 56-60 1816 a. pp. 273-293 340-351 a. 401-416. First printing of these contoversial papers where Herapath revived the kinetic theory of gases. His theory was more or less neglected by the scientific community at his time. The kinetic theory remained dormant and forgotten after Euler's and Bernouilli's work "until 1816 when Herapath proposed a theory which is essential Bernoulli's. Unfortunately he chose to define temperature as being proportional to the momentum rather than the kinetic energy of molecules. Herapath was the first to show more or less that kinetic theory can provide simple explanations for the changes of state diffusion and the propagation of sound."Trousdell "Essayas in the History of Mechanics" pp. 283 ff.Euler Bernoulli Herapath and Waterston may be considered the principal scientists who prior to 1850 attempted a more or less complete mathematical treatment of gases based on a set of molecular postulates. Jamie Wisniak."Having published a preliminary notice of his theory in the Annals of Philosophy in 1816 Herapath submitted a detailed account to the Royal Society in 1820. Davy who was elected to the presidency of the Society in November of that year was primarily responsible for the fate of the paper. Although Davy was already known as an advocate of the qualitative idea that heat is molecular motion he found Herapath’s quantitative development too speculative and complicated; he rejected the hypothesis of an absolute temperature implying an "absolute zero" of cold. Having been told that his paper would not be accepted for publication in the Philosophical Transactions Herapath withdrew it and published it instead in the Annals of Philosophy in 1821. Five years later he launched an attack on Davy in the Times of London accusing him of circulating unfounded criticisms of his experimental work which prevented its publication. Although Davy ignored a series of letters and challenges published in the Times Herapath later claimed Davy’s resignation from the presidency of the Royal Society 1827 as a victory for himself."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 500,00 DKK≈ 738,65 €

CARTAN, ELIE - THE EINSTEIN-CARTAN THEORY (ECT) OF GRAVITATIONBiblio.com

Sur une définition géométrique du tenseur d'énergie d'Einstein. Sur une généralisation de la notion de courbure de Riemann et les espaces à torsion. Sur les espaces généralisés et la théorie de la Relativité. Sur les espaces conformes.

192248912Paris Gauthier-Villars 1922. 4to. Bound in 2 uniform full cloth but of slightly different sizes. Paperlabels pasted to lower part of spines. A faint stamp to titlepage and some of the issues. In "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 174. 18151 pp. Entire volume offered. Cartan's papers: pp.437-439 593-595 734-737 857-60 1104-1107. First edition of these papers in which Cartan intruced the concept of "Torsion" the main inspiration for Einstein in his searce for a unified field theory. The ECT of gravity is a modification of the General relativity Theory"The Einstein-Cartan theory also known as the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory is a classical theory of gravitation similar to general relativity but relaxing the assumption that the affine connection has vanishing antisymmetric part torsion tensor so that the torsion can be coupled to the intrinsic angular momentum spin of matter much in the same way in which the curvature is coupled to the energy and momentum of matter. In fact the spin of matter in curved spacetime requires that torsion is not constrained to be zero but is a variable in the principle of stationary action. Regarding the metric and torsion tensors as independent variables gives the correct generalization of the conservation law for the total orbital plus intrinsic angular momentum to the presence of the gravitational field. The theory was first proposed by Élie Cartan in 1922 and expounded in the following few years. Dennis Sciama and Tom Kibble independently revisited the theory in the 1960s and an important review was published in 1976. Albert Einstein became affiliated with the theory in 1928 during his unsuccessful attempt to match torsion to the electromagnetic field tensor as part of a unified field theory. This line of thought led him to the related but different theory of teleparallelism." Wikipedia. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 000,00 DKK≈ 671,50 €

FRANCK, J und G HERTZ - PROVING THE QUANTIZED MODEL OF THE BOHR ATOM AND PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORYBiblio.com

Über Zusammenstösse zwischen Elektronen und den Molekülen des Quecksilberdampfes und die Ionisierungsspannung desselben. Über die Erregung der Quecksilberresonanzlinie 2536 uu durch Elektronenstösse.

191448028Braunschweig Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn 1914. Lex8vo. Contemp hcloth gilt spine. Lower spine end a bit frayed otherwise very fine. In: "Verhandlungen der deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft im Jahre 1914" 16. Jahrgang. IX1072 pp. Franck & Hertz' papers: pp. 457-467 a. 512-517 textillustr. Fine and clean. First apperance of the famous Franck-Hertz Experiment which is considered as a new and independent support not only of Planck's quantum theory and Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis but also of Bohr's theory of the atom with stationary states of discrete energies.Franck and Hertz were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925 for this work and Franck concluded his Nobel lecture with the words "We know only to well that we owe the wide recognition that our work received to contact with the great concepts and ideas of M. Planck and in particular Niels Bohr.""In their famous experiments Franck and Hertz' showed that electrons could impart energy to a mercury atom only if they had a kinetic energy exceeding 4.9 ev. and that exactly this quantum of energy was taken up by the mercury atom causing it to emit light of the resonance line Å 2537. It was the first direct proof of the quantized nature of the energy transfer and of the connection of the quantum DeltaE of energy with the frequency p = DeltaE/h of the light emitted as the result of the transfer. These experiments are rightly regarded as the first decisive proof of the reality of the quantized energy levels that had just been postulated by Niel’s Bohr." DSB.See: Siegmund Brandt "The Harevest of a Century. Discoveries of Modern Physics in 100 Episodes" Episode 25 The Franck-Hartz Experiment 1914 pp. 102-104.The volume contains another importent paper ALBERT EINSTEIN "Beiträge zur Quantentheorie" pp. 820-828. First edition. "In this paper. two considerations are given which are interrelated by a common goal inasmuch as it is attempted to derive two of the most importent achievementss of quantum theory viz. Planck's radiation law and Nernst's third law of thermodynamics in a new manner. The proofs do not involve Boltzmann's equation and are thus based enterely on macroscopic thermodynamics. They do introduce however the quantum hupothesis. Einstein points out that the alleged 'proofs' which try to derive the theorem of Nernst from the mere fact that the heat capacity of all substances goes to zero at absolute zero temterature are not genuine." Cornelius Lanczos.Weil No 67. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 000,00 DKK≈ 671,50 €

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