Sir Isaac NewtonBiblio.com
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1726H-142<p>Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica third edition half-title engraved portrait frontispiece title in red and black woodcut illustrations and diagrams some foxing and soiling contemporary calf joints and corners worn <strong>4to</strong> William & John Innys <strong>1726</strong>.<br />This edition was edited by Henry Pemberton and Sir Isaac Newton wrote a preface with new edits just one year before he passed away in 1727. <strong>This third edition printed in London is the very basis of all subsequent printings</strong> of the Principia and a true history existing through time.<br /><strong>One out of 1250 copies</strong> Demy 1000 regular issue see below printed and with complete pagination this copy is a remarkable and rare book in the history of science.</p><p>The 1726 edition was comprised of 1250 copies evidenced by William Bowyer's paper stock ledger which records the following: Superfine 50 largest paper; Royal 200 large paper; Demy 1000 regular issue. Royal copies can be identified by their size and CC watermark. See: Henry P. Macomber and Gerald G. Grubb "A census of the owners of copies of the 1687 first edition of Newton's Principia" <em>PBSA </em>47 1953 269-304 p.293. Babson 11-12 Wallis 9.</p> Guil. & Joh. Innys, Regiae Societatis typographos hardcover
1827WRCAM55911Various locations mostly Valparaiso Chile; Callao and Lima 1827. Forty-six autograph letters signed or manuscript letters signed totaling 103pp. some with integral address leaf. All docketed at the top right edge of the verso of the last leaf likely by William Tudor himself. Original mailing folds light toning occasional short tears from opened wax seals. Overall very good. In a cloth chemise and half morocco and cloth folding case spine gilt. An important historical archive of letters received by William Tudor almost all while he was serving as United States Consul to Peru in Lima. The letters from a breadth of correspondents reveal the range of political cultural military and legal issues faced by an American diplomat serving in a South America during a politically volatile period and are especially interesting for detailing American diplomatic actions in South America in the years just after the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine. The letters are particularly notable for demonstrating the views and actions of the United States during the Peruvian independence struggle and showing the extent of the cooperation between the U.S. and Great Britain less than a decade after the conclusion of the War of 1812. They also paint a picture of the revolutionary actions of Simón BolÃÂvar in Peru the tight grip on the port of Callao by Spanish stalwart José Ramón Rodil and the interplay of American British Spanish Chilean and Peruvian officials in the region. <br> <br> William Tudor 1779-1830 was a leading citizen of Boston and the son of the first judge advocate of the Continental Army. Tudor was a founder and first editor of the NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW and helped found the Boston Athenaeum. He was the first Boston citizen to refer to the city as "The Athens of America" in an 1819 letter. Tudor was the U.S. Consul to Peru from 1824 to 1827 and Chargé d'Affaires at Rio de Janeiro from 1827 until his death there in 1830. <br> <br> The most prominent correspondent in this archive is Commodore Isaac Hull 1773-1843 represented by twelve letters to William Tudor. The Hull letters are a mixture of seven autograph letters signed from Hull and five manuscript letters in a secretarial hand but signed by the Commodore. Hull's letters report on the naval blockade of Peru American movements around South America and the struggles of Simón BolÃÂvar's South American independence movement and also touch on the ultimate defeat of the Spanish in Peru. At the time these letters were written Hull was commander of the United States Pacific Squadron and the letters emanate from Hull's flagship the USS United States positioned in Callao Bay as part of a joint American-British blockade. Hull had a long and distinguished career in the United States Navy beginning during the Quasi War with France battling Barbary pirates and commanding the USS Constitution during the War of 1812. He went on to serve as commandant of the Washington Navy Yard and as commander of the Mediterranean Squadron. Letters by Hull are scarce on the market especially in the quantity quality and intimacy of content seen here. <br> <br> In his first letter on May 28 1824 Hull writes about meeting British naval figure Martin Guise who was at this time serving with the Chilean Navy during the Peruvian War of Independence from Spain. Hull mentions the current blockade in his first two letters writing in the first: "I fear that they will not go all length with me in the blockade; they appear disposed to allow something like a coast blockade." His second letter of June 8 includes more details on the efforts during the blockade namely that Guise is "doing what he has the authority to do from Bolivar" and Captain Prescott "has in great measure made up his mind to submit to the blockade of Guise even in its present form." <br> <br> Hull's communications increase beginning in August and he writes to Tudor on August 21 that he must refuse his request to land U.S. Marines in Lima for the protection of American officials but agrees to send a "sea officer with arms" and as many seamen as necessary "for the protection of American Citizens only" but that they "must be kept within their houses or yards." <br> <br> In his next few letters Hull reports on the ships Dolphin and Peacock being routed to Valparaiso to provide strategic defense to American shipping vessels in the region and asks for more information and communications from Tudor regarding the ships Carington and Nancy condemned by Spanish General José Ramón Rodil. In a September 11 letter Hull states that Rodil intends to sell the two ships and that "it may be necessary for me to take measures that will not please his excellency as I consider his conduct is and has been for some time hostile towards us and cannot much longer be submitted to." Hull also invites Tudor to his ship to "spend the day with your friends Capt. and Mrs. Maling" who were onboard Hull's ship the previous night. Hull and Thomas James Maling were fellow commanders of the American and British forces respectively during this period around Peru. Maling commanded the British ship the Cambridge which is referenced in some of the letters here. José Ramón Rodil was commander of the port of Callao for the Spanish government and one of the last remaining Spanish officials to surrender to BolÃÂvar; he stubbornly refused to officially cede control of Callao until 1826 when he finally gave up and returned to Spain. <br> <br> On October 15 Hull writes to Tudor about the attitudes of the Spanish government "towards our commerce." Hull fears that should the Spanish invoke "the laws of the Indies" against American officials in Peru then Hull and Tudor "shall be in a bad way." The Laws of the Indies were a series of Spanish laws dealing with the relationship between Spain and her colonies in America; Hull is perhaps worried here that if the Spanish government invokes these laws as a sovereign nation then the activities of the American government in South America would stand in violation of that sovereignty. <br> <br> Hull's troubles with Rodil continue in November when he informs Tudor that "the crew of the China had complained to Captain Maling of the bad treatment they had received from General Rodil stating that they were compelled to work and that some of them had been severely punished." Hull writes that he plans to demand the release of these sailors and the ship and if Rodil does not acquiesce he would "resort to reprisal and let the consequence be what it may." <br> <br> In Hull's next letter the true nature of the extreme treatment suffered by some Americans under Rodil is described. Hull writes a lengthy and passionate letter decrying the "injustice and cruelty of all the proceedings" which took place during the Spanish seizure of the China. Hull can no longer "remain inactive or insensible to the repeated wrongs of my countrymen." He then relates how some seamen were threatened with swords muskets or gallows. Hull thinks that "my government will justify me in any measures which I shall be compelled to take to obtain redress for the insults and wrongs which my countrymen have received and to prevent a repetition of them" After all claims Hull "there is not an American in this country knowing all things which have taken place who would not be willing to sacrifice every feeling of interest to have their rights respected." <br> <br> Hull's last two letters come after the decisive battle at Ayacucho in early December 1824 which effectively ended the Peruvian War of Independence in favor of BolÃÂvar's forces. On December 18 Hull transmits his original correspondence with Rodil to Tudor presumably so that Tudor can consolidate communications between American and Spanish officials now that Peru has won the war. Hull's final letter touches on duties owed by American vessels at Ancon; Hull recuses himself from the issue in favor of Tudor as such issues "should more properly come before you as consul or the merchants to whom he consigned and I consider any interference on my part would be improper and that it is a case entirely distinct from my duties." After all as a naval commander Hull is not responsible for imposing import and export duties related to commerce in newly-independent ports. Hull closes by writing that the news of Peruvian independence will be "such glorious news to the United States. It will be received with sincere pleasure by our government and every lover of freedom and humanity." <br> <br> Also present here are seven letters from the aforementioned Thomas James Maling plus one from his wife Harriet to William Tudor all of which were written between August and December 1824. Captain Thomas Maling was the scion of the Maling pottery family in England. He was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1791 rising to vice admiral in 1830. During his time in Peru Maling was captain in charge of the HMS Cambridge which was stationed in Callao for most of Maling's time there. He married Harriet Darwin daughter of Erasmus Darwin and niece to Charles who accompanied him to South America. Sadly Harriet would die in 1825 in Valparaiso Chile. The Malings were very friendly with William Tudor as evidenced in the present correspondence which includes a friendly partial note from Harriet to Tudor in which she chides Tudor for not visiting their ship and offers to share with him "a good private and confidential letter". <br> <br> In his first letter dated August 18 Captain Maling agrees to take aboard his ship one of Tudor's friends and hopes "you are all made safe & happy by the party I have sent to guard you all at Lima." In his second letter on August 24 Maling mentions that "Guise is sending another Blockading Squadron" but that this will be "of insufficient force to stop the trade of Europe and North America." Maling hopes "your Commodore" meaning Hull agrees with him; blockades were prevalent during this time around Peru and Chile as the various revolutions led by and inspired by Simón BolÃÂvar took root. <br> <br> Maling's letter of September 4 concentrates on battle news in Peru reading in part: "Kelly who I believe you know of returned from the Liberator's Army and I believe brings us good news but he is still with Guise.There has been no second battle but Cantera's army dispersed after the 6th leaving him with only 2000 men with which he is hastening back to Cusco. It is supposed for the purpose of raising the Indians in favor of the Young Inca they have been keeping in reserve. The Commodore Hull has thought this information & what else Kelly may bring of sufficient importance to detain the Dolphin another day." <br> <br> Three days later Maling writes Tudor about a recent naval issue that prompted him to write to the commanding officer of the ship "to tell him he will be made responsible in future for the conduct or his officers & men and I hope we shall hear of no other instance of such impropriety but it is by no means thought here to be ours." This is followed by a mention of the ship China. Maling invites Tudor to his ship for a visit and tells him he may have the "opportunity of seeing a naval fight." This letter is likely concerned with the aforementioned troubles with the China in which American and British sailors were mistreated by Spanish authorities. <br> <br> Maling's October 15 letter is especially interesting as he mentions yet another blockade-related event: "There is an embargo on all vessels at Quilea & no communication permitted with the shore a pretty conclusive hint where our friends will go to when they sail from hence if Guise who is again sailing close in ever suffers them to depart in peace." <br> <br> Maling's last two letters date from December 1824 after BolÃÂvar's victory in Peru. In his December 8 communication he reports that "England has acknowledged the independence of those parts of America which actually form free states." The implication here is clear in that England is ready to recognize democratic regimes and nothing less. In his final letter Maling writes about the slowness in receiving news from the Peruvian government on naval matters though he allows for the "intoxication of success" felt by those in Peru who had just won their independence from Spain. Maling wishes them "so well to their cause that I shall not quarrel with them." <br> <br> Maling's penultimate letter alludes to the recent death of British Consul General Thomas Edward Rowcroft. The present archive includes two letters to Tudor from Rowcroft who was essentially Tudor's British counterpart in Peru. In his first letter dated June 19 1824 Rowcroft writes to Tudor about the "dispositions of the Viceroy on the appointment of Consuls in this Country" and on the importance of maintaining "mutual confidential communications" between himself and Tudor. Towards the end of 1824 on December 2 Rowcroft writes again to Tudor this time to ask about two English Navy vessels allegedly captured by a ship flying "Spanish Colours" and then recaptured by Tudor's brother-in-law Commodore Stewart. This last letter would have been among Rowcroft's final communications as he was gunned down a few days later while traveling back from Lima after delivering letters to Thomas Maling. Rowcroft supposedly held a pass that should have taken him safely through both the loyalist-held sections and the Bolivar-held areas of the city. As he presented his pass to authorities loyal to Bolivar at a checkpoint his coach was met with a hail of bullets as it rolled away. Rowcroft was shot in the hand and the torso and died on December 7; his death is now considered an unfortunate accident perhaps precipitated by a "death sentence" purposely written on his pass by loyalist officials hoping to get Rowcroft in trouble. If this was indeed their plan it worked. <br> <br> Other letters to Tudor here include a February 20 1824 note from John Dorr to Tudor in which Dorr discusses his ship Esther which was seized by the revolutionary government in Callao Peru. Dorr indicates that General BolÃÂvar is willing to "do what is possible to recover that valuable Ship & freight or ample indemnity." On April 18 1824 French Dr. A.V. Brandin writes to Tudor from Lima informing him of a shipment of quinine for Commodore Hull and his wife aboard the USS Franklin. Brandin allegedly founded the first medical journal in Peru and was apparently the first doctor to introduce quinine to South America. <br> <br> In other letters in this archive American ship captain Samuel C. Erwin writes to Tudor on April 22 1824 with regard to the seizure of a "case of Linnens" by the new Peruvian government along with a request to write directly to the governor in Lima for relief and for a "Certificate of American Property for my whole cargo which I have repeatedly applied for without being able to get it." American merchant seaman Thomas R. Gerry son of Elbridge Gerry writes to Tudor from Quilca Peru on August 18 1824 reporting on various business matters and providing a blistering description of Quilca which he sums up as a "miserable hole." Gerry also reports on two American prisoners of war taken by the Chilean government one of whom he currently has on his ship the Tartar while the other is still held at Arica. <br> <br> The present collection also includes a handful of letters from Michael Hogan U.S. Consul and Navy Agent at Valparaiso Chile from 1823 until his death in 1833. Hogan's first communication to Tudor is dated the day after Tudor took over as consul in Peru; Hogan is "anxious" but "hopes for the best" for Tudor in his new position. In June 1824 Hogan sends a short report to Tudor on political maneuverings in Valparaiso where General Pinto was to be appointed "supremo." One of his letters from July 28 1824 reports on political struggles within Chile where a Constitution had just been "amicably" voted down the Senate dissolved General Wager appointed director and General Pinto as prime minister until a new Congress was convened in three months. Another letter from Hogan dated August 9 1824 includes information on the Chilean government's efforts to sell church property "for the publick good." This was a standard practice in the post-colonial governments in South America who often converted church artifacts of silver and gold into new coinage. In this same letter Hogan reports that Chilean officials will soon forbid the importation of flour in favor of the "great landholders" in Chile who plan to produce their own "breadstuffs." <br> <br> Other communications to Tudor involve letters of introduction for new merchant ship captains an appeal by William Wetmore regarding shipping declarations made to General Rodil in Callao two short letters from U.S. consul to Peru James Prevost in Callao regarding permissions from the new Peruvian government Prevost would die in Lima on March 5 1825 and a handful of letters in Spanish from local officials one of which dated Feb. 12 1826 mentions mining in Lima "metales de plata" and "metales ricos un espia". <br> <br> There are also two letters written to Tudor before his time in Peru. One dated July 7 1822 from Thomas Dawes in Boston relates to a pamphlet Tudor wrote on Thomas Paine. The other is an October 30 1822 "Declaration and Protest" from a U.S. schooner called the Dolphin claiming unlawful seizure and false imprisonment by Peruvian officials in Callao; this document was perhaps inherited by Tudor when he arrived in Lima. There is even an intriguing partial manuscript which seems to be part of a confidential report on English government and their public attitudes towards the United States mentioning a debate in the House of Commons regarding "peace or war with America." <br> <br> In total these to William letters shine a rare spotlight on the American intervention in Peru and on the international political and economic machinations in South America during the 1820s. The archive provides a stark picture of American enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine which President Monroe had just elucidated in his State of the Union Address on December 2 1823. Spanish actions in Peru in the 1820s were seen as a violation of this new foreign policy stance by the United States particularly the tenet covering European colonial involvement in the Western Hemisphere. Of course the Monroe Doctrine also served American economic interests in South America which certainly motivated events such as the American blockade of Callao and the dispersal of the Dolphin and the Peacock to other South American ports. <br> <br> An outstanding collection of American diplomatic correspondence from an important moment in South American history. hardcover books
1726vBC4008<p>RARE 1726 THIRD EDITION OF NEWTON'S PRINCIPIA THE LAST EDITION PUBLISHED IN HIS LIFETIME EDITED BY NEWTON HIMSELF THE BASIS FOR ALL SUBSEQUENT EDITIONS. ONE OF ONLY 1250 COPIES PRINTED. AT 300 FAR FEWER REMAIN! London: Guil. & Joh. Innys Regiae Societatis typographos 1726. Quarto 240 x 192 mm. Lauded by Albert Einstein as "perhaps the greatest intellectual stride that has ever been granted to any man to make" Newton's Principia is arguably the most influential book in history. Grounded on the premise that virtually everything in the universe is amenable to scientific understanding this transformative milestone abounding with interdisciplinary impact "is generally described as the greatest work in the history of science. Copernicus Galileo and Kepler had certainly shown the way; but where they described the phenomena they observed Newton explained the underlying universal laws. The Principia provided the greatest synthesis of the cosmos proving finally its physical unity. Newton showed that the important and dramatic aspects of nature that were subject to the universal law of gravitation could be explained in mathematical terms with a single physical theory. With him the separation of the natural and supernatural of sublunar and superlunar worlds disappeared. The same laws of gravitation and motion rule everywhere; for the first time a single mathematical law could explain the motion of objects on earth as well as the phenomena of the heavens. The whole cosmos is composed of inter-connecting parts influencing each other according to these laws. It was this grand conception that produced a general revolution in human thought equaled perhaps only by that following Darwin's Origin of Species… Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time and the founder of mathematical physics. It was the final irrevocable break with a medieval conception based on Greek and Roman cosmology and a scholastic system derived from the medieval interpretation of Aristotle. Newton's universe almost independent of the spiritual order ushered in the age of rationalism scientific determinism and the acceptance of a mechanistic view of nature" PMM 161. Dissatisfied with the first two editions of his own masterpiece London 1687; Amsterdam 1723 Newton towards the end of his life "gave one last effort to the Principia. It is clear that he regarded the Principia rather than the Opticks as his masterwork. He worked over the Principia without end to hone its language to a perfect expression of his ideas… . Perhaps a serious illness in 1722 reminded him that he could not delay forever. We know only that the printing of an edition more sumptuous than either of the others began in the fall of 1723." Westfall The Life of Isaac Newton. With portrait engraving by Vertue bound before first text leaf and numerous illustrations in text. Complete with the privilege leaf half-title dedication leaf index and ad leaf. 240 x 192 mm. 18th-century paneled calf gilt-lettered spine rebacked hinges cracked but holding. Frontispiece caption trimmed with some loss to artists' signatures minor foxing and toning but a very good crisp copy. Engraved armorial bookplate of the Earl of Hopetoun. Third edition revised and expanded edited by Henry Pemberton M.D. F.R.S. contains a new preface by Newton and many alterations and clarifications the scholium on fluxions chief among them. Sir Isaac Newton died on March 31 1727 at the age of 84 one year after his treasured edition was published. This Third Edition of his Principia is the final definitive statement of the man who invented calculus determined the composition of light and discovered the laws of gravity and motion which govern the universe the founder of modern science Sir Isaac Newton. Book #vBC4008. $26000. We specialize in rare Ayn Rand and other legends and landmarks.</p> Guil. & Joh. Innys hardcover
195017991ASSOCIATION COPY I ROBOT Gnome Press 1950 first edition some modest age toning to the top and fore edges two small blots of ink to the t.p.e.'s never bleeding through to the upper margin of the text else just about fine in vg/vg color pictorial dust-wrapper. Inscribed by the author to one of his publishers "To -Compliments of Susan Calvin the fictional central character of this title & Myself Isaac Asimov. Gnome Press unknown
18481803065Daniel Adee 1848. 1st Edition. Hardcover. Near Fine/No Jacket. Near fine TRUE first American edition 1st issue as stated on the title page. Some water stains on page edges. Previous owner's bookplate on front pastedown. Rubbing on outside spine and corners and at bottom of spine. Tape at endpapers and pastedowns along gutters. Housed in custom-made slip case. Daniel Adee hardcover books
18481803065Daniel Adee 1848. 1st Edition. Hardcover. Near Fine/No Jacket. Near fine TRUE first American edition 1st issue as stated on the title page. Some water stains on page edges. Previous owner's bookplate on front pastedown. Rubbing on outside spine and corners and at bottom of spine. Tape at endpapers and pastedowns along gutters. Housed in custom-made slip case. Daniel Adee hardcover
17074639Cambridge; London: Typis Academicus; Benjamin Tooke 1707. First edition. <p>First edition of Newton's treatise on algebra or 'universal arithmetic' his "most often read and republished mathematical work" Whiteside. Included are 'Newton's identities' providing expressions for the sums of the powers of the roots of any polynomial equation plus a rule providing an upper bound for the positive roots of a polynomial and a generalization to imaginary roots of René Descartes' 'Rule of Signs.'</p>. Hardcover. NEWTON'S TREATISE ON ALGEBRA. <p>First edition of Newton's treatise on algebra or 'universal arithmetic' his "most often read and republished mathematical work" Whiteside. "Included are 'Newton's identities' providing expressions for the sums of the ith powers of the roots of any polynomial equation for any integer i pp. 251-2 plus a rule providing an upper bound for the positive roots of a polynomial and a generalization to imaginary roots of René Descartes' Rule of Signs pp. 242-5" Parkinson p. 138. About this last rule for determining the number of imaginary roots of a polynomial which Newton offered without proof Gjertsen p. 35 notes: "Some idea of its originality . can be gathered from the fact that it was not until 1865 that the rule was derived in a rigorous manner by James Sylvester."</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Jesuit College at Ghent ink inscription 'Bibliotheca Collegii Gandavensis Societatis Jesu.' and shelfmark on title; extensive marginal annotations by a well-informed contemporary reader. This reader was possibly the English Jesuit Christopher Maier 1697-1767. Born in Durham England Maier entered the Society of Jesus in 1715. He taught at Liège where he became interested in astronomy. In 1750 Maire was commissioned by Pope Benedict XIV to measure two degrees of the meridian from Rome to Rimini with fellow Jesuit Roger Boscovich with a view to mapping the Papal States; in turn they proved that the earth is an oblate spheroid as Newton had proposed in Principia publishing their results in Litteraria Expeditione 1755. Maier spent his final years at the English Jesuit College in Ghent.</p> <br /> <p>"In fulfillment of his obligations as Lucasian Professor Newton first lectured on algebra in 1672 and seems to have continued until 1683. Although the manuscript of the lectures in Cambridge University Library carries marginal dates from October 1673 to 1683 it should not be assumed that the lectures were ever delivered. There are no contemporary accounts of them and apart from Cotes who made a transcript of them in 1702 they seem to have been totally ignored. Whiteside Papers V p. 5 believes that they were composed 'over a period of but a few months' during the winter of 1683-4" Gjertsen pp. 33-4. The course of lectures stemmed from a project on which Newton had embarked in the autumn of 1669 thanks to the enthusiasm of John Collins: the revision of Mercator's Latin translation of Gerard Kinckhuysen's Dutch textbook on algebra Algebra ofte stel-konst 1661. Newton composed a manuscript 'Observations on Kinckhuysen' in 1670 see Whiteside Papers II and used it in the preparation of his lectures. He took the opportunity not only to extend Cartesian algebraic methods but also to restore the geometrical analysis of the ancients giving his lectures on algebra a strongly geometric flavor.</p> <br /> <p>"When Newton resigned his Lucasian professorship to his deputy William Whiston in December 1701 it was natural that the latter should wish to familiarize himself with the deposited lectures of his predecessor" Whiteside Papers V p. 8. Whiston later claimed in his Memoirs London: 1749 that Newton gave him his reluctant permission to publish the lectures. Whiston arranged with the London stationer to underwrite the expense of printing the deposited manuscript and then subsequently between September 1705 and the following June corrected both specimen and proof sheets as they emerged from the University Press. The completed editio princeps finally appeared in May 1707 priced at 4s. 6d. without Newton's name on the title page although references inside the work made no attempt to hide the author's identity. It included an appended tract by Halley on 'A new accurate and easy method for finding the roots of any equations generally without prior reduction' pp. 327-343. Publication of the work had been delayed by Newton who complained that the titles and headings were not his and that it contained numerous mistakes. Yet when he prepared a second edition in 1722 the changes he introduced were "primarily reorderings of his own manuscript not corrections of Whiston's additions" Westfall p. 649. In reality Newton's misgivings probably derived more from his reluctance to place before the public a relatively immature and poorly organized work and one that did not take into account the developments in the subject that had taken place in the quarter century since the manuscript was composed.</p> <br /> <p>For a book that was to become Newton's most often republished mathematical work the Arithmetica initially made little impact in Britain and was not even graced by a review in the Philosophical Transactions. On the Continent the reception accorded the lectures was more positive. "Leibniz unhesitatingly divining their author beneath the cloak of anonymity gave them a long review in the Acta Eruditorum of Leipzig in 1708. Written thirty years before he noted and now deservingly printed by William Whiston he assured the reader that 'you will find in this little book certain particularities that you will seek in vain in great tomes on analysis.' His close associate Johann Bernoulli despite some adverse remarks paid Newton the compliment in 1728 of basing his own course on the elements of algebra upon Newton's text. Perhaps partly in consequence of Newton's recent death in Britain too the book began about this time to arouse greater interest than when it was first issued in 1707" Hall p. 174.</p> <br /> <p>Despite the impressive contributions of the work to the theory of equations mentioned earlier it is difficult to pigeonhole the work as being either algebraic or geometric. From one point of view the Arithmetica can be seen as a fulfillment of the programme outlined by Descartes in the Géométrie because it teaches how geometrical problems and also arithmetical and mechanical ones can be translated into the language of algebra. Paradoxically however Newton criticized Descartes maintaining that at least in some cases Apollonian geometry is to be preferred to Cartesian algebra in the analysis of indeterminate problems. Modern analysts he complained had confused algebra and geometry: "The Ancients so assiduously distinguished them one from the other that they never introduced arithmetical terms into geometry. recent people by confusing both have lost the simplicity in which all elegance in geometry consists" Whiteside Papers V p. 429. The last section of the work 'The linear construction of equations' pp. 279-326 is particularly anti-Cartesian the term 'linear' in this context does not refer to straight lines but derives from Pappus. Newton here deals with the problem of constructing cubics third-degree equations that Descartes solved via the intersection of a circle and a parabola. Newton proposed instead to use a curve of degree higher than the conics as a means of construction namely the conchoid a fourth-degree curve. Newton regarded the conchoid as preferable because it has a mechanical construction and leads to a more elegant solution of the problem.</p> <br /> <p>William Whiston 1667-1752 was "a member of the first generation of Cambridge students to emulate Newton's method and principles. He went up to Cambridge in 1686 claimed to have attended one or two incomprehensible lectures by Newton on his Principia and was elected a Fellow of Clare Hall in 1691. After taking orders he left Cambridge for a while returning in 1700 when chosen by Newton to be his deputy as Lucasian Professor. About a year later upon Newton's resignation and commendation Whiston succeeded him. Aberrant theology was to be his downfall. While Newton and their common friend Dr Samuel Clarke kept private their doubts about Trinitarianism the Creed and the Thirty-nine Articles Whiston sought publicly to amend the errors of the Anglican faith; for this he was summoned before the heads of houses in the university and dismissed from his post in 1710" Hall p. 175.</p> <br /> <p>Babson 199; Wallis 277; D. Gjertsen Newton Handbook 1986; A. R. Hall Isaac Newton 1992; R. S. Westfall Never at Rest 1983.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo pp. viii 343. Woodcut diagrams throughout. Former owner's signature F. Percy White Feb. 1920 on half-title partially erased. Contemporary mottled calf covers with floral border and corner fleurons in blind. / Hardcover. Typis Academicus; Benjamin Tooke unknown
173614348London: Henry Woodfall 1736. FIRST EDITION. With engraved frontispiece interpolated leaf 143-144 and leaf containing errata on the recto publisher’s advertisements on the verso. Paneled sprinkled calf in a contemporary style; a large paper copy with very wide margins a few contemporary annotations. First edition of Newton’s treatise on the calculus a work of great importance and rarity. Ready for publication in 1671 Newton circulated the manuscript among his friends who urged him to establish priority by publishing his own work. He steadfastly refused and prior to his death entrusted it to Henry Pemberton who never had it published. It was not until 1736 that Method of fluxions was finally published in the present English translation by John Colson who added a lengthy commentary. The original Latin edition did not appear until 1779 in the Opera omnia.<br /> <br /> Babson 171; Gray 232; Wallis 232; Smith History of Mathematics I p. 404. Henry Woodfall unknown
17076325Cambridge and London: Typis Academicis; Benj. Tooke 1707. First edition. Very Good/William Whiston the successor to Newton's chair at Cambridge "extracted from Newton a somewhat reluctant permission to print" this remarkable "schoolbook" based on Newton's lecture notes Babson Catalogue. So reluctant in fact that Newton kept his name out of it and supposedly considered purchasing the press run in order to destroy it! He later republished it himself. Several new theorems are laid out including a formula to determine the number of imaginary roots of any equation. The rule is complicated and is offered without proof. Yet 180 years later the rule was proven by rigorous analysis. The text also includes Edmond Halley's "Aequationum radices arithmetice inveniendi methodus. Octavo 19cm; 8 343 1 pages the last page blank . Figure and diagrams in text. Running-title: Algebrae elementa. Editor's preface signed: G.W. i.e. William Whiston. In contemporary paneled calf rebacked with new burgundy morocco spine label. Edges of boards rubbed. Early ink ownership inscriptions on blank endleaves the contemporary autograph of Edward Harington and the 19th-century mathematician William Fleetwood Sheppard. Half-title present. References: Babson Newton Collection; 199; ESTC; T018645; Bowes and Bowes 277. Typis Academicis; Benj. Tooke hardcover books
39481Philadelphia: Printed by C. Sherman 5605. 8vo 5 volumes. 8 7/8 x 5 1/2 inches. Hebrew and English text on facing pages. Each volume inscribed at the head of the English-language title "To my beloved wife from her affectionate husband" the first volume with a later family annotation. Contemporary purple morocco spine in six compartments with raised bands lettered in gilt in the second and fourth repeating gilt decoration in others marbled edges marbled endpapers.<br/> <br/>Provenance: Solomon Nunes Carvalho each cover stamped in gilt<br/> <br/>Rare large-paper association copy of the first Jewish translation of the Pentateuch into English.<br/> <br/>More than any other person of his time Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 envisioned the development of a major center of Jewish culture and religious activity in the United States. He single-handedly provided American Jews with many of the basic religious texts institutions and conceptual tools they needed to construct the cultural foundation of what would later emerge as the largest Jewish community in the history of the Jewish people. Printed in 1845 this edition of the Pentateuch in five volumes included a vocalized Hebrew text of each of the Five Books of Moses together with an English translation and notes as well as the haftarot prophetic readings. Leeser actually began working on The Law of God in 1838. Among the factors involved in his decision to begin systematically working on a translation was the recent opening of Rebecca Gratz's Sunday School which met for the first time in March 1838 in Philadelphia and was desperately in need of appropriate study material. Students were compelled to use the King James Bible for want of a Jewish alternative. Religiously objectionable passages in other texts provided by Protestant organizations were either pasted over or torn out by Gratz's staff. Leeser who supported the Sunday School and was its chief academic resource person felt compelled to find more suitable texts for the students. The impetus for Leeser throughout was always his desire to provide the Jews of America with an English text of the Bible that was produced by one of their own and was not tainted by conversionist motivations. This copy with provenance to Solomon Nunes Carvalho who was a noted American painter photographer writer and inventor best known for traveling with John C. Fremont on his fifth expedition through Kansas Colorado and Utah. He published an account of that journey titled "Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West; with Colonel Fremont's Last Expedition" 1860 and was considered a pioneer in travel photography. Isaac Leeser the hazzan of Congregation K.K. Mikveh Israel married Carvalho and his wife Sarah Miriam Solis on October 15 1845 in Philadelphia where Carvalho's father had a workshop.<br/> <br/>Rosenbach 569; Singerman 884; Goldman 7; Lance J. Sussman "Another Look at Isaac Leeser and the First Jewish Translation of the Bible in the United States" Modern Judaism Vol. 5 No. 2 Gershom Scholem Memorial Issue. May 1985 pp. 159-190. Printed by C. Sherman unknown books
39481Philadelphia: Printed by C. Sherman 5605. 8vo 5 volumes. 8 7/8 x 5 1/2 inches. Hebrew and English text on facing pages. Each volume inscribed at the head of the English-language title "To my beloved wife from her affectionate husband" the first volume with a later family annotation. Contemporary purple morocco spine in six compartments with raised bands lettered in gilt in the second and fourth repeating gilt decoration in others marbled edges marbled endpapers.<br/> <br/> Provenance: Solomon Nunes Carvalho each cover stamped in gilt<br/> <br/> Rare large-paper association copy of the first Jewish translation of the Pentateuch into English.<br/> <br/> More than any other person of his time Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 envisioned the development of a major center of Jewish culture and religious activity in the United States. He single-handedly provided American Jews with many of the basic religious texts institutions and conceptual tools they needed to construct the cultural foundation of what would later emerge as the largest Jewish community in the history of the Jewish people. Printed in 1845 this edition of the Pentateuch in five volumes included a vocalized Hebrew text of each of the Five Books of Moses together with an English translation and notes as well as the haftarot prophetic readings. Leeser actually began working on The Law of God in 1838. Among the factors involved in his decision to begin systematically working on a translation was the recent opening of Rebecca Gratz's Sunday School which met for the first time in March 1838 in Philadelphia and was desperately in need of appropriate study material. Students were compelled to use the King James Bible for want of a Jewish alternative. Religiously objectionable passages in other texts provided by Protestant organizations were either pasted over or torn out by Gratz's staff. Leeser who supported the Sunday School and was its chief academic resource person felt compelled to find more suitable texts for the students. The impetus for Leeser throughout was always his desire to provide the Jews of America with an English text of the Bible that was produced by one of their own and was not tainted by conversionist motivations. This copy with provenance to Solomon Nunes Carvalho who was a noted American painter photographer writer and inventor best known for traveling with John C. Fremont on his fifth expedition through Kansas Colorado and Utah. He published an account of that journey titled "Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West; with Colonel Fremont's Last Expedition" 1860 and was considered a pioneer in travel photography. Isaac Leeser the hazzan of Congregation K.K. Mikveh Israel married Carvalho and his wife Sarah Miriam Solis on October 15 1845 in Philadelphia where Carvalho's father had a workshop.<br/> <br/> Rosenbach 569; Singerman 884; Goldman 7; Lance J. Sussman "Another Look at Isaac Leeser and the First Jewish Translation of the Bible in the United States" Modern Judaism Vol. 5 No. 2 Gershom Scholem Memorial Issue. May 1985 pp. 159-190. Printed by C. Sherman unknown
184549020Philadelphia: C. Sherman 5605 1845-46. First edition of the "first English translation of the Pentateuch in America" the 1845 Hebrew-English Bible by one of the most prominent and influential figures in American Jewish history. Octavo 5 volumes. Translated by Isaac Leeser. Bound in contemporary polished calf gilt titles and tooling to the spine rebacked. Lightly rubbed moderate wear. A very nice example of a scarce and important work. Previous editions published by Jews in England had simply utilized the King James translation. The translator was Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 who worked without assistance. In his preface he apologizes for any errors: "How can it be expected that I should escape when I have no Jewish compositors and have necessarily to be often away when the work goes to press" Despite these obstacles Leeser doubted that "the precious word of God ever appeared among us in a more beautiful form than the volumes in which I am now engaged." Leeser avoided reliance on earlier English translations though he made some use of German translations and noted that "the arrangement is strictly Jewish. My intention was to furnish a book for the service of the Synagogue both German and Portuguese." Leeser's "contributions to every area of Jewish culture and religion made him a major builder of American Judaism." The publication of his Pentateuch was the first time that any portion of the Bible was published in America under Jewish auspices. "The translation of the Bible was Leeser's great literary achievement and represented many years of patient labor and devotion to a task which he considered sacred. He made good use of the various German translations by Jews of the collective commentary known as the Biur and of other Jewish exegetic works. As a result his translation though based in style upon the King James version can be considered an independent work for the changes he produced are numerous and great. until the new Jewish Publication Society version was issued in 1917 it was the only source from which many Jews not conversant with Hebrew derived their knowledge of the Bible in accordance with Jewish tradition" Waxman 1090. C. Sherman, 5605 unknown books
184549020Philadelphia: C. Sherman 5605 1845-46. First edition of the “first English translation of the Pentateuch in America†the 1845 Hebrew-English Bible by one of the most prominent and influential figures in American Jewish history. Octavo 5 volumes. Translated by Isaac Leeser. Bound in contemporary polished calf gilt titles and tooling to the spine rebacked. Lightly rubbed moderate wear. A very nice example of a scarce and important work. Previous editions published by Jews in England had simply utilized the King James translation. The translator was Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 who worked without assistance. In his preface he apologizes for any errors: "How can it be expected that I should escape when I have no Jewish compositors and have necessarily to be often away when the work goes to press" Despite these obstacles Leeser doubted that "the precious word of God ever appeared among us in a more beautiful form than the volumes in which I am now engaged." Leeser avoided reliance on earlier English translations though he made some use of German translations and noted that "the arrangement is strictly Jewish. My intention was to furnish a book for the service of the Synagogue both German and Portuguese." Leeser’s “contributions to every area of Jewish culture and religion made him a major builder of American Judaism.†The publication of his Pentateuch was the first time that any portion of the Bible was published in America under Jewish auspices. “The translation of the Bible was Leeser’s great literary achievement and represented many years of patient labor and devotion to a task which he considered sacred… He made good use of the various German translations by Jews of the collective commentary known as the Biur and of other Jewish exegetic works. As a result his translation though based in style upon the King James version can be considered an independent work for the changes he produced are numerous and great… until the new Jewish Publication Society version was issued in 1917 it was the only source from which many Jews not conversant with Hebrew derived their knowledge of the Bible in accordance with Jewish tradition†Waxman 1090. C. Sherman, 5605 unknown
172669561London: Apud Guil. & Joh. Innys 1726. Full Description:<br> <br> NEWTON Sir Isaac. Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica. Editio tertia aucta & emendata. London: Apud Guil. & Joh. Innys 1726.<br> <br> Third edition. One of only 1250 copies printed. Quarto. 34 530 6 index pp. Engraved frontispiece portrait facing title by George Vertue after I. Vanderbank. Bound without the advertisement leaf. Numerous diagrams in the text and one engraving of cometary orbit on p. 506. Title printed in red and black. With the Royal Privilege printed on verso of the first leaf as in Babson copy 2.<br> <br> In full goatskin. Spine ruled and lettered in gilt. Boards paneled in blind. Inner hinges repaired. Some old ink manuscript notes on front flyleaf. Numerous instances of light early pencil marginalia and a few in ink. Some ghost dampstaining throughout. Previous owner's bookplate on front pastedown. Overall a very good copy.<br> <br> "This edition was the last published during the author's lifetime and the basis of all subsequent editions. It was edited by Henry Pemberton M.D. F.R.S. and contains a new preface by Newton and a large number of alterations the most important being the scholium on fluxions in which Leibnitz had been mentioned by name. This had been considered an acknowledgement of Leibnitz's independent discovery of the calculus. In omitting Leibnitz's name in this edition Newton was criticized as taking advantage of an opponent whose death had prevented any reply" Babson p. 12.<br> <br> Third edition of "the greatest work in the history of science" Printing and the Mind of Man. In the Principia Newton formulated the three laws of motion from which he derived the principle of universal gravitation "wherein all bodies of whatever mass attract one another in proportion to their masses and in inverse ratio as the square of the distance between them. This applies to dust particles as to the mightiest celestial bodies" Dibner.<br> <br> "Copernicus Galileo and Kepler had certainly shown the way; but where they described the phenomena they observed Newton explained the underlying universal laws. The Principia provided the great synthesis of the cosmos proving finally its physical unity. Newton showed that the important and dramatic aspects of nature that were subject to the universal law of gravitation could be explained in mathematical terms within a single physical theory.The same laws of gravitation and motion rule everywhere; for the first time a single mathematical law could explain the motion of objects on earth as well as the phenomena of the heavens. The whole cosmos is composed of inter-connecting parts influencing each other according to these laws. It was this grand conception that produced a general revolution in human thought equalled perhaps only by that following Darwin's Origin of Species" Printing and the Mind of Man 161 describing the first edition.<br> <br> Babson 13. Gray 9. Wallis 9.<br> <br> HBS 69561.<br> <br> $22500. Apud Guil. & Joh. Innys unknown
1951006743New York: Gnome Press 1951. An exceptional and RARE set all three books having been SIGNED AND INSCRIBED BY AUTHOR Isaac Asimov to the same lady in the most intriguing and charming manner - "Foundation" SIGNED AND INSCRIBED "For Laura Jean a passionate Southern gal Isaac Asimov" "Foundation and Empire" SIGNED AND INSCRIBED "For Laura Jean a persistent Southern gal Isaac Asimov" and "Second Foundation " SIGNED AND INSCRIBED "For Laura Jean a married Southern gal Isaac Asimov". Ah to have been a witness to THAT book signing where the sparks were obviously flying ! All three books stated Gnome Press First Editions "Foundation" in dark blue boards with red lettering at spine thinner and narrower paper and with dust jacket too large for this thinner book although stating First Edition 1951 on CP is actually the 1954 2nd Edition. Book is Very Good pages browning slight toning to edges of end pages top edge dusty in a Very Good dust jacket priced $2.75 front flap small chips at spine ends and flap fold tips. "Foundation and Empire" 1952 is First Edition First State in original red cloth in Second Issue dust jacket in blue tones. Book is Very Good pages uniformly browning. In Near Fine dust jacket small chips top and bottom edges rear panel at spine. "Second Foundation" 1953. is First Edition First State in original light blue boards spine stamped in brown Very Good cloth a bit rubbed at spine ends light toning to end pages at edges top edge soiled in a Very Good dust jacket 1/2" chip top edge front panel at spine light edge wear and soiling. Overall a Very Good set with unique Asimov inscriptions of this towering classic of the science fiction genre that continues to remain fresh and current. . SIGNED AND INSCRIBED BY AUTHOR. First Editions. Cloth. Very Good/Very Good. Illus. by David Kyle Edd Carter and Ric Binkley . 8vo - over 7¾" - 9¾" tall. Presentation Copy. Gnome Press Hardcover books
38544Philadelphia: Printed by C. Sherman for the Editor 5605. Five volumes 8vo. 7 1/2 x 4 3/4 inches. Hebrew and English text on facing pages. Contemporary black morocco covers elaborately tooled in gilt spine gilt with raised bands in six compartments yellow endpapers gilt edges expert repairs to joints and tops of spines.<br/> <br/>Provenance: M. Nathans name in gilt on the upper covers<br/> <br/>The first Jewish translation of the Pentateuch into English: in an elaborate contemporary binding.<br/> <br/>More than any other person of his time Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 envisioned the development of a major center of Jewish culture and religious activity in the United States. He single-handedly provided American Jews with many of the basic religious texts institutions and conceptual tools they needed to construct the cultural foundation of what would later emerge as the largest Jewish community in the history of the Jewish people. Printed in 1845 this edition of the Pentateuch in five volumes included a vocalized Hebrew text of each of the Five Books of Moses together with an English translation and notes as well as the haftarot prophetic readings. Leeser actually began working on The Law of God in 1838. Among the factors involved in his decision to begin systematically working on a translation was the recent opening of Rebecca Gratz's Sunday School which met for the first time in March 1838 in Philadelphia and was desperately in need of appropriate study material. Students were compelled to use the King James Bible for want of a Jewish alternative. Religiously objectionable passages in other texts provided by Protestant organizations were either pasted over or torn out by Gratz's staff. Leeser who supported the Sunday School and was its chief academic resource person felt compelled to find more suitable texts for the students. The impetus for Leeser throughout was always his desire to provide the Jews of America with an English text of the Bible that was produced by one of their own and was not tainted by conversionist motivations. This binding is consistent with similar bindings on gift books of the era published and bound by Lippincott. This example with provenance to M. Nathans likely Moses Nathans 1811-1873 a prominent congregant of Philadelphia's Congregation Mikveh Israel.<br/> <br/>Rosenbach 569; Singerman 884; Goldman 7; Lance J. Sussman "Another Look at Isaac Leeser and the First Jewish Translation of the Bible in the United States" Modern Judaism Vol. 5 No. 2 Gershom Scholem Memorial Issue. May 1985 pp. 159-190. Printed by C. Sherman for the Editor unknown books
1866107732Philadelphia: Sherman & Co 1866-68. First editions of one of the 'major builders of American Judaism' Isaac Leeser's Discourses on the Jewish Religion. Octavo 10 volumes bound in full leather gilt titles to the spine raised bands. In near fine condition. Complete sets are of the utmost rarity. American Jewish lay minister author translator and publisher Issac Leeser's "contributions to every area of Jewish culture and religion made him a major builder of American Judaism." In addition to his influence on the Jewish pulpit in the United States Leeser became the first American Jewish publisher and produced the first Jewish translation of the bible into English. "The translation of the Bible was Leeser's great literary achievement and represented many years of patient labor and devotion to a task which he considered sacred.until the new Jewish Publication Society version was issued in 1917 it was the only source from which many Jews not conversant with Hebrew derived their knowledge of the Bible in accordance with Jewish tradition" Waxman 1090. Sherman & Co hardcover books
1803122898London: Printed for H.D. Symonds 1803. First complete edition in English of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia the greatest work of physics in the exceedingly rare original boards. Octavo 3 volumes bound in original boards uncut 54 folding copper-engraved plates of diagrams and figures all but one folding; 2 folding tables. with 22 folding. In near fine condition with light toning to the text. An exceptional example rare and desirable in the original boards. Housed in a custom clamshell box. "Newtons Principia is generally described as the greatest work in the history of science. Copernicus Galileo and Kepler had certainly shown the way; but where they described the phenomena they observed Newton explained the underlying universal laws. The Principia provided the greatest synthesis of the cosmos proving finally its physical unity. Newton showed that the important and dramatic aspects of nature that were subject to the universal law of gravitation could be explained in mathematical terms with a single physical theory. With him the separation of the natural and supernatural of sublunar and superlunar worlds disappeared. The same laws of gravitation and motion rule everywhere; for the first time a single mathematical law could explain the motion of objects on earth as well as the phenomena of the heavens. The whole cosmos is composed of inter-connecting parts influencing each other according to these laws. It was this grand conception that produced a general revolution in human thought equaled perhaps only by that following Darwins Origin of Species Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time and the founder of mathematical physics" PMM 161. "It is perhaps the greatest intellectual stride that it has ever been granted to any man to make" Einstein. Printed for H.D. Symonds hardcover books
116359Cambridge & London Typis Academicis; Benj. Tooke 1707. . First edition; 8vo 20 x 12.5 cm; contemporary ownership inscription in ink to front endpapers contents fresh; contemporary sprinkled calf ruled in blind with floral tools in the corners red speckled edges spine lettered in gilt but rubbed with loss of the gilt joints ends of spine and hinges professionally conserved very good condition; 343 pp.<br /> First edition of Newton's treatise on algebra his 'most often read and republished mathematical work' Whiteside.<br /><br />'Sometime between the autumn of 1683 and early winter of 1684 Newton according to the statues of the Lucasian Chair deposited with the university his Lucasian Lectures on Algebra. The lectures bear dates from 1673 to 1683 but these were added in retrospect and it is highly unlikely that they were ever delivered to Cambridge students. From one point of view Arithmetica Universalis can be seen as a fulfilment of the program outlined by Descartes in Géometrie because it teaches how problems especially geometrical problems but also arithmetical and mechanical ones can be translated into the language of algebra which is here seen as the tool for problematic analysis; on the other hand Arithmetica Universalis contains two criticisms directed at Descartes' those being the preference for Apollonian geometry over Cartesian algebra in solving indeterminate problems and the argument that Descartes relied too heavily on algebraic criteria Guicciardini Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method pp 61-62.<br /><br />By 1707 Newton had moved to London and his successor mathematician William Whiston took it upon himself to edit and publish the text. It is unclear how much say Newton had in this but he was unhappy with various aspects of the editing and typesetting and refused to have his name on the title page though in the end most of Whiston's changes would be retained in the 1722 edition seen through the press by Newton himself Cohen 'The Case of the Missing Author' in Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy pp. 35-38.<br /> Cambridge & London, Typis Academicis; Benj. Tooke, 1707. unknown
17495245Uppsala: np 1749. First edition. <p>First edition extremely rare. "This essay was the first sketch of a science of ecology. Linnaeus used his economy-of-nature concept as an organising principle to unify an important but previously amorphous part of natural history. In so doing he was also attempting to transform an important background concept into the central theory of a new science" Egerton. "In regard to Linnaeus' concepts of an economy of nature Darwin used these ideas as major explanations of the workings of natural selection. So Linnaeus supplied major assistance for Darwin's arriving at his theory of evolution" Stauffer.</p>. THE BIRTH OF THE SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY. <p>First edition extremely rare of Linnaeus' pioneer dissertation which created the science of ecology. "This essay was the first sketch of a science of ecology. Linnaeus used his economy-of-nature concept as an organising principle to unify an important but previously amorphous part of natural history. In so doing he was also attempting to transform an important background concept into the central theory of a new science . The term 'economy of nature' bore an obvious similarity to the contemporary term for animal physiology 'animal economy' which involved studying how the parts contributed to the functioning of the whole. Linnaeus may indeed have had in mind an analogy between the organs in an animal and the species in a habitat because his analysis of the interrelations between the plants and animals in nature implied a close and well-defined interaction for the good of the whole: 'To perpetuate the established course of nature in a continued series the divine wisdom has thought fit that all living creatures should constantly be employed in producing individuals that all natural things should contribute and lend a helping hand towards preserving every species and lastly that the death and destruction of one thing should always be subservient to the restitution of another' . The Oeconomia naturae begins with the above-quoted definition and then explains how that concept can be used to interpret phenomena in inanimate nature and in the plant and animal kingdoms. For both the plant and animal kingdoms Linnaeus considered propagation preservation and destruction as the phenomena which maintained the economy of nature" Egerton p. 335. "The phrase 'Oeconomy of Nature' "should be familiar to readers of Darwin for he claims in the Origin p. 102 that 'all organic beings are striving it may be said to seize on each place in the economy of nature.' When the work 'economy' appears in Darwin's texts there is a tendency to look to political economy for precursors . but concepts like the animal economy and the economy of nature debatable belonged to intellectual lineages that were relatively independent of their social and political context . I will argue that Darwin's idea of a place in the economy of nature stems from the work of previous naturalists like Carl Linnaeus and Charles Lyell and that it played a key role in the development of his evolutionary ideas. . Darwin read translations of Linnaeus' dissertations Oeconomia naturae 1749 and Politia naturae 1760 in May 1841. Although the phrase 'economy of nature' appears only once in Darwin's notebooks of the late 1830s it can be found throughout his first sketches on transmutation in 1842 and 1844. Given this chronology it is likely that the idea came to play a greater role in Darwin's work because of his encounter with these Linnaean texts" Pearce pp. 494-6. The dissertation was dictated by Linnaeus in Swedish to Isaac Biberg a doctoral candidate who translated it into Latin and defended it according to the academic custom of the eighteenth century. ABPC/RBH lists no copy in the last 80 years. OCLC lists 5 copies in US Madison Wisconsin; Kansas; Harry Ransom Texas; Minnesota; Huntington.</p> <br /> <p>"Like most naturalists of his time Linnaeus was trained in medicine and thus would have been familiar with the term 'oeconomia animalis' as employed by Charleton Hermann Boerhaave and others. However Linnaeus set his sights higher - what he wanted to describe was not the animal economy but the economy of nature as a whole. Of course others had used the term 'economy of nature' e.g. Sir Kenelm Digby in a variety of works but only as a brief metaphor. For example Digby writes in 1644 that natural motion 'hath its birth from the universall oeconomy of nature here among us.' What Linnaeus did instead was extend the physiological idea of the animal economy to nature in its entirety. In his eyes the economy of nature deserved a description just as detailed and rational as that of the animal economy.</p> <br /> <p>"In the dissertation 'Oeconomia Naturae' defended by his student Isaac Biberg in 1749 Linnaeus defines his title as follows: 'By the oeconomy of nature we understand the all-wise disposition of the creator in relation to natural things by which they are fitted to produce general ends and reciprocal uses.' The 'reciprocal uses' are the key to the whole idea for 'the death and destruction of one thing should always be subservient to the restitution of another;' thus mould spurs the decay of dead plants to nourish the soil and the earth then 'offers again to plants from its bosom what it has received from them.' Linnaeus points out that natural processes always follow a certain order with each stage dependent on the previous. A fallen tree for instance does not go to waste but is colonized and eliminated by an ordered series of creatures: liverworts mushrooms beetles caterpillars and woodpeckers. Just as the respiratory cardiovascular lymphatic and digestive systems play different functional roles in the economy of the human body different species play different functional roles in the economy of nature as a whole. For example each kind of insect lays its eggs on a particular kind of plant:</p> <br /> <p>'. every different tribe chooses its own species of plant. Nay there is scarce any plant which does not afford nourishment to some insect; and still more there is scarcely any part of a plant which is not preferred by some of them. Thus one insect feeds upon the flower; another upon the trunk another upon the root; and another upon the leaves.'</p> <br /> <p>"Each type of organism therefore according to Linnaeus has its special function in nature's economy. Just as the animal economy ensures the health and well-being of the animal body the economy of nature ensures the health and well-being of the natural world. Linnaeus discusses the many creatures that help cleanse and purify nature's body without which the 'whole earth would be overwhelmed with carcases and stinking bodies.' Thus if a horse dies near a roadway its body will 'be filled with innumerable grubs of carniverous flies by which he is entirely consumed and removed out of the way that he may not become a nuisance to passengers by his poisonous stench.' Likewise specialized aquatic predators like the thornback the hound fish or the conger eel consume fish carcasses near the shore. Linnaeus even suggests an experiment to prove the purifying potential of insects:</p> <br /> <p>'. knats lay their eggs in stagnant putrid and stinking waters and the grubs that arise from these eggs clear away all the putrefaction; and this will easily appear if any one will make the experiment by filling two vessels with putrid water leaving the grubs in one and taking them all out of the other. For then he will soon find the water that is full of grubs pure and without any stench while the water that has no grubs will continue stinking.' </p> <br /> <p>"Thus for Linnaeus even scavengers and grubs the lowest of all species play an essential role in the economy of nature" Pearce pp. 497-8.</p> <br /> <p>"Oeconomia Naturae is both the culmination of a great tradition - that of Christian natural theology and the starting point of a new science the one that Ernst Haeckel named 'ecology' in 1866. In accordance with the natural theology and the 'age of optimism' celebrated in the works of William Derham John Ray Bernhard Nieuwentyt Gottfried von Leibniz and Christian von Wolff Linnaeus defines 'the economy of nature' as the Creator's wise arrangement and deposition of all things according to which they fulfil their purpose for the glory of God and the happiness of Man.</p> <br /> <p>"And although individuals perish their roles persist . The roles in Linnaean nature are what today's ecologists call 'niches': a multidimensional 'space' defined by the abilities of the species and their interactions with the environment - their physiology and habitat preferences position in food chains and ecosystem structure. Although the Oeconomia Naturae reads like an ecology textbook it also sparkles with the eroticism of the Baroque. Like a voluptuous painter Linnaeus revels in the splendour of life in its beautiful 'costumes' its sensual appeal and showy extravagance the delightful colours forms and adaptations the impressive devices for preservation survival defence attack sex and propagation mating and pollination the means of dispersal and child-rearing .</p> <br /> <p>"Between 1743 and 1776 Linnaeus wrote more than 180 such academic theses. But few achieved the instant success of the Oeconomia Naturae. A Swedish translation was produced within a year. English and German versions soon appeared. It was also reprinted in Latin in the many editions of Linnaeus's Amoenitates academicae published in Amsterdam Leyden Erlangen and Graz through the second half of the eighteenth century. New translations continue to appear today" Hestmark.</p> <br /> <p>"Darwin's influence on the history of ecology resulted in the very christening of the science itself by Ernst Haeckel who once explained that 'By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature' and who concluded 'in a word ecology is the study of all those complex interrelationships referred to by Darwin as the conditions of the struggle for existence' .</p> <br /> <p>"When we come to consider the sources of Darwin's ecological insight the importance of his personal experience is obvious . Besides the influence of Darwin's field observations there was the influence of his reading . The importance for Darwin of Lyell's discussion of the economy of nature and allied topics in his Principles of Geology is very clear . Lyell's references in regard to the economy of nature point directly back to the major earlier source: the writings of Carl Linnaeus. The importance of Linnaeus in the evolution of ecology is very great and it is striking that among the naturalists writing after Linneaus and before Darwin it is the geologist Charles Lyell who shows the clearest grasp of Linnaeus' ideas on the economy of nature and who makes the fullest use of them in his own work . After coming to know in the pages of Lyell's Principles ideas and facts from a number of these Linnaean essays Darwin encountered Linnaeus himself in English translation in May of 1841 . From this year of 1841 on Darwin made increasing use of the phrases 'economy of nature' and 'polity of nature' .</p> <br /> <p>"The conventional wisdom is that Darwin overthrew the work of Linnaeus in so far as he replaced the orthodox dogma of fixity of species by his theory of evolution. But in regard to Linnaeus' concepts of an economy of nature Darwin used these ideas as major explanations of the workings of natural selection. So Linnaeus supplied major assistance for Darwin's arriving at his theory of evolution" Stauffer.</p> <br /> <p>"In German and Swedish universities in the eighteenth century the serious test of the student was the skill with which he conducted his oral defence of the thesis he presented. His major professor who presided at the disputation was often the author of the thesis to be defended. At Uppsala Linnaeus generally dictated the essays which his students published and paid the printer's bill for. He quite naturally regarded these dissertations as his own work. In a letter to his friend the English naturalist John Ellis he wrote:</p> <br /> <p>'The fourth volume of my Amoenitates Academicae is very nearly printed . Among the dissertations I am about to publish are Genera morborum Aer habitabilis Flora Jamaicensis Sus porcus Anthropomorpha & Generatio ambigens. In the last of these I shall show that the brain and spinal marrow only proceed from the mother and the rest of the body from the father.'</p> <br /> <p>"Nowadays unless there is direct evidence to the contrary it is customary to regard Linnaeus as the author of all these dissertations" ibid.</p> <br /> <p>Soulsby Catalogue of the works of Linnaeus 2nd ed. 1933 1514. Egerton 'Changing concepts of the balance of nature' The Quarterly Review of Biology 48 1973 pp. 322-50. Hestmark 'Oeconomia Naturae L' Nature 405 2000 p. 19. Pearce 'A great complication of circumstances - Darwin and the Economy of Nature' Journal of the History of Biology 43 2010 pp. 493-528. Stauffer 'Ecology in the long manuscript version of Darwin's 'Origin of Species' and Linnaeus' 'Oeconomy of Nature'' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104 1960 pp. 235-41.</p> <br /> <br/> <br/> 4to pp. viii 48 woodcut initials head- and tail-pieces first and last pages tanned spotted water stain to upper edge of the first two leaves. String bound. A very good copy in original state of this extremely rare dissertation. np unknown
1791WRCAM51520London: H. Humphreis sic 1791. Handcolored etching 14 x 21 inches. Cropped within plate borders with no loss to image or text. Remnants of older paper pasted to verso. Color bright and fresh. Near fine. In 1789 and 1790 Nootka Sound in the Pacific Northwest looked to be the spur of a major conflict between the kingdoms of Britain and Spain. The inlet was an important outpost for maritime fur trading and had therefore become the focus of the centuries-old struggle for advantage in the New World. Courtesy of explorer and trader John Meares news of Spanish indiscretions reached Britain in 1790 and intensified the growing anti- Spanish rhetoric and call for war. Meares whose credibility was famously contested in two remarkable pamphlets by George Dixon claimed not only that the Spanish had seized British ships but that they had removed his settlement at Nootka and replaced it with their own. After debate in the House of Commons it was decided the British Navy would be mobilized. <br> <br> While Spain initially sought to go to war they could not attain the essential support of France and thus required a diplomatic solution to the problem. This came in the form of the first Nootka Convention which was signed on Oct. 28 1790. The convention guaranteed Britain the right to have outposts on Nootka Sound and to practice whaling in waters beyond the "Ten-League Line" off the coast. The Convention eventually resulted in the seminal voyage of George Vancouver to survey the Pacific Northwest. <br> <br> This print is a satire on the British Tory government's handling of the crisis. Its central critical point attacks part of the convention concerning fishing rights which Pitt's opposition latched onto as evidence of underhanded dealings. They noted that the original importance of Nootka Sound was not for whaling but rather for fur trading and that the whaling industry had surely redirected political attention toward their interests. Thus the print shows Pitt and Henry Dundas in the Pacific off the west coast of North America hopelessly fishing with millions from the treasury. As Pitt expresses worry over the spending Dundas soothes him with the knowledge that "the Gudgeons we caught in England will pay for it all." In saying so Dundas declares the Britons who supported the war to have been bait for his and Pitt's political maneuvering. The coastline is shown from southern Alaska to Mexico likewise making this an early map of California Alaska and the west coast. <br> <br> In all it is a lively expression of disbelief and anger at the amount expended on preparing for war set against the eventual prize - namely the indeterminate profitability of whaling. H. Humphreis [sic] unknown books
184578547Philadelphia: C. Sherman 5605 1845-46. First edition of the "first English translation of the Pentateuch in America" the 1845 Hebrew-English Bible by one of the most prominent and influential figures in American Jewish history. Octavo 5 volumes. Translated by Isaac Leeser. Bound in full contemporary calf gilt titles and tooling to the spine. In near fine condition. A nice example rare in contemporary binding. Previous editions published by Jews in England had simply utilized the King James translation. The translator was Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 who worked without assistance. In his preface he apologizes for any errors: "How can it be expected that I should escape when I have no Jewish compositors and have necessarily to be often away when the work goes to press" Despite these obstacles Leeser doubted that "the precious word of God ever appeared among us in a more beautiful form than the volumes in which I am now engaged." Leeser avoided reliance on earlier English translations though he made some use of German translations and noted that "the arrangement is strictly Jewish. My intention was to furnish a book for the service of the Synagogue both German and Portuguese." Leeser's "contributions to every area of Jewish culture and religion made him a major builder of American Judaism." The publication of his Pentateuch was the first time that any portion of the Bible was published in America under Jewish auspices. "The translation of the Bible was Leeser's great literary achievement and represented many years of patient labor and devotion to a task which he considered sacred. He made good use of the various German translations by Jews of the collective commentary known as the Biur and of other Jewish exegetic works. As a result his translation though based in style upon the King James version can be considered an independent work for the changes he produced are numerous and great. until the new Jewish Publication Society version was issued in 1917 it was the only source from which many Jews not conversant with Hebrew derived their knowledge of the Bible in accordance with Jewish tradition" Waxman 1090. C. Sherman, 5605 unknown books
1866107732Philadelphia: Sherman & Co 1866-68. Rare first editions of one of the 'major builders of American Judaism' Isaac Leeser's Discourses on the Jewish Religion. Octavo 10 volumes bound in full leather gilt titles to the spine raised bands. In near fine condition. Complete sets are of the utmost rarity. American Jewish lay minister author translator and publisher Issac Leeser’s “contributions to every area of Jewish culture and religion made him a major builder of American Judaism." In addition to his influence on the Jewish pulpit in the United States Leeser became the first American Jewish publisher and produced the first Jewish translation of the bible into English. “The translation of the Bible was Leeser’s great literary achievement and represented many years of patient labor and devotion to a task which he considered sacred…until the new Jewish Publication Society version was issued in 1917 it was the only source from which many Jews not conversant with Hebrew derived their knowledge of the Bible in accordance with Jewish tradition†Waxman 1090. Sherman & Co hardcover
184578547Philadelphia: C. Sherman 5605 1845-46. First edition of the “first English translation of the Pentateuch in America†the 1845 Hebrew-English Bible by one of the most prominent and influential figures in American Jewish history. Octavo 5 volumes. Translated by Isaac Leeser. Bound in full contemporary calf gilt titles and tooling to the spine. In near fine condition. A nice example rare in contemporary binding. Previous editions published by Jews in England had simply utilized the King James translation. The translator was Isaac Leeser 1806-1868 who worked without assistance. In his preface he apologizes for any errors: "How can it be expected that I should escape when I have no Jewish compositors and have necessarily to be often away when the work goes to press" Despite these obstacles Leeser doubted that "the precious word of God ever appeared among us in a more beautiful form than the volumes in which I am now engaged." Leeser avoided reliance on earlier English translations though he made some use of German translations and noted that "the arrangement is strictly Jewish. My intention was to furnish a book for the service of the Synagogue both German and Portuguese." Leeser’s “contributions to every area of Jewish culture and religion made him a major builder of American Judaism.†The publication of his Pentateuch was the first time that any portion of the Bible was published in America under Jewish auspices. “The translation of the Bible was Leeser’s great literary achievement and represented many years of patient labor and devotion to a task which he considered sacred… He made good use of the various German translations by Jews of the collective commentary known as the Biur and of other Jewish exegetic works. As a result his translation though based in style upon the King James version can be considered an independent work for the changes he produced are numerous and great… until the new Jewish Publication Society version was issued in 1917 it was the only source from which many Jews not conversant with Hebrew derived their knowledge of the Bible in accordance with Jewish tradition†Waxman 1090. C. Sherman, 5605 unknown
16661299Nurnberg 1666. Houzeau & Lancaster 3039; Zimmer 5089 1628 Strasbourg ed.; Poggendorff 1984. Warner The Sky Explored pp. 104-5. Extremely rare German edition a Latin edition was published the same year of Sturms enlargement of Habrechts famous treatise on the making of celestial and terrestrial globes published in 1628. The Habrecht family of clock and instrument makers were famous throughout Europe from the last quarter of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century. The authors father also called Isaac was responsible for making the monumental second Strasbourg clock which was one of the mechanical wonders of its time on the Continent. Isaac Habrecht 1589-1633 was a Strasbourg physician mathematician and maker of globes. He was much influenced by Blaeu and Hondius and his globes were highly regarded. J. C. Sturm was Habrechts student and a scientist of vision. He organized the first scientific academy in Germany the Collegium Curiosum sive Experimentale at Altdorf in 1672 and introduced the first course in experimental physics in a German university. In 1666 he undertook the task of augmenting Habrechts original text and adding a number of folding plates. The plates include two handsome polar projections of the world two polar stereographic celestial charts of the northern and southern constellations and ten folded engravings showing the various parts of his planiglobiums.The fourteen folded engravings superbly executed by Jacob von der Heyden were probably intended to be mounted and assembled to form several instruments each with a revolving plate measuring 27 cm in diameter and a movable pointer. Each was to be supported on an approximately 12-cm base. The work is one of the most beautiful instrument books published in the seventeenth century and certainly one of the rarest particularly with the full complement of plates. Despite being an obvious Americanum see pp. 205 228 231 and America pictured on one of the maps it is not in Sabin JCB Palmer and other standard bibliographies. Houzeau & Lancaster lists a 1650 edition that is clearly an error as Sturm would have been 15 years old at the time.OCLC lists Yale for the German and Chicago for the Latin editions. unknown books
