[CHICAGO AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY]Biblio.com
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188841991Chicago: Rand McNally & Co. 1888. 1888. TIME TABLES & MAP. 16" x 46 1/2" sheet folded to 50 panels. Printed in red and black. Map. 23 panels of time tables; 1 panel showing tariff of charges for Pullman sleeping accommodations . Between Chicago and San Francisco cost $17.00; Between Chicago ad Madison cost $1.50; 1 cover panel; 1 panel showing an illustration of the North-Western dining car . "Only 75 cents for a splendid meal in these cars." Time tables offered for Council Bluffs and Omaha Line; Sioux city & Southern Dakota Line; Chicago Council Bluffs & California Line; Council Bluffs Omaha & Denver Line; Chicago St. Paul & Minneapolis Line; Minnesota and Central Dakota Line; Huron Pierre & Deadwood Lines; Janesville Watertown and Fond Du Lac Line; Rockford Freeport and Dubuque Line; St. Paul Minneapolis & Manitoba Northern Pacific and St. Paul & Duluth Railways; Milwaukee Green Bay & Marquette Line; Minnesota and Central Dakota Line; Clinton & Anamosa Line; Chicago & North-Western and Milwaukee Lake Shore & Western Railways; Kenosha and Rockford Line; Dayton & Lake city Line; Eagle Grove & Sioux Rapids Line; etc. Opposite panels offers a 24 panel color system map entitled "Geographically Correct Map of the Chicago & North-Western R'y and Its Principal Connections. Correct to September 1st 1881. It Will Be Noticed hat This Is The Leading Railway Of The West And Northwest." A statement at the bottom corner of the map touting that the Chicago & North-Western Railway is one of the largest railway corporations in the world. It controls and operates nearly 3000 miles of road forming the following lines: Chicago Council Bluffs Denver & California Line; Sioux City & Southern Dakota Line; Chicago & Des Moines Line; Chicago Freeport & Dubuque Line; Chicago St. Paul & Minneapolis Line; Chicago La Crosse & Winona Line; Chicago Minnesota & Central Dakota Line; Chicago Pierre & deadwood Line; Chicago Milwaukee & Marquette Line; and Chicago Green Bay & Lake Superior Line. Map shows all states from the west coast to the east coast and to the south showing upper 2/3ds of California and all of Nevada Utah Colorado Kansas Missouri Kentucky and Virginia. 1/2" split to edge at fold along with a couple tiny holes at folds. Very good plus. Rand, McNally & Co., 1888. unknown
188341860Chicago: The J.M.W. Jones Stationery and Printing Co. 1883. 1883. NORTH DAKOTA. 22 ½" x 25 3/4" sheet folded to 42 panels. Outermost panels printed in red and black. Issued to promote the travel to and settlement of the Red River Valley area and lands west of there. "Every Man a Free Holder. How to Secure a Free Home in North Dakota. Sectional Map and Full Particulars Published by the St. Paul Minneapolis & Manitoba Rail-way." The text panels provide much information regarding agricultural production in the region. Wheat production stock raising soil and climate and other agricultural products are described along with information on Devil's Lake the Mouse River Valley the Turtle Mountain region Stump Lake etc. On verso the small map shows "The St. Paul Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway System and its Important Connections." The large map illustrates in detail the northwestern part of Minnesota from Breakenridge northward and east to include Barnesville Ada Crookston etc. and Dakota north from Wahpeton north and west to Ft. Stevenson on the Missouri River northward and includes southern Manitoba to Winnipeg. Also on this side is an extensive section of text describing "Government Lands and How to Get Them" with emphasis on pre-emptions homesteads and tree claims. Another large section entitled "Facts From a Farmer in North Dakota on the Line of the St. Paul Minneapolis & Manitoba R'y." In this section Mr. James Twamley a Grand Fork area farmer and wholesale grocer describes local agricultural production and recommends specific varieties of wheat oats corn squash beets cabbages carrots beans onions tomatoes asparagus cucumbers berries currants plums grapes potatoes and fodder corn. 1" closed tear to bottom edge of one panel splits at one fold and to top edge have been professionally repaired. An interesting and attractive promotional. A very scarce work. The J.M.W. Jones Stationery and Printing Co., 1883. unknown
188542263Chicago: Chas. N. Trivess Printer 1885. 1885. DAKOTA TERRITORY. RAILROAD. First edition. 7 5/8" x 5 1/8" original stapled printed wrappers 16 pp. map of the Chicago & North-Western Railway system on the back cover. Primarily a series of signed testimonials solicited by the Railway to describe "the Dakota boom." Farmers relate their experiences settling and cultivating the land detail their crop yields and profits from cattle ranching and encourage further settlement as land is still inexpensive and readily available. Several describe the settlers as "a most excellent class of people" who are educated industrious and and morally upright. And if that’s not incentive enough there’s the unsurpassed healthfulness of the air which is "free from malaria and full of inspiring oxygen and invigorating ozone." 3 copies found in OCLC. Top corner of rear cover has been torn away but with minor influence on the railway system map else very good. Chas. N. Trivess, Printer, [1885]. unknown
18972111902153000232Hakubunkan 1897. Soft Cover. Fine. Number of pages: 502 pages Size: approx. 20 x width approx. 13 cm Hakubunkan paperback
189132829St. Louis: Woodward & Tiernan Printing Co. n.d. 1891. 1891. First edition. Third edition. 12mo. Original orange wrappers printed in black ink 82 2 pp. illustrated map. advertising. Issued by the general passenger department of the Missouri Pacific Railway. A general description of the state and its place in history is provided. Plus soil rainfall churches schools higher educational opportunities newspapers population and wealth corn wheat oats stock farming wild flowers orchards and vineyards salt lead and zinc stone brick and lime coal gas hunting and fishing cities irrigation etc. Views are offered of farms and ranches parade grounds city parks etc. of various cities. Herd 1204 says "Issued by the Missouri Pacific Railway Company this book appeared in many editions though all are now rare." Prior to this copy the earliest edition of a similar booklet was a 13th edition and that was 15 years ago. Fine clean copy with a fine folding map. An exceptional copy of a rare item. Woodward & Tiernan Printing Co., n.d. (1891)]. unknown
18346168Aufgesetzt, mit Beiträgen von neuern englischen Konstrukzionen vermehrt und herausgegeben von Franz Anton von Gerstner. 3 Bände u. Atlasband. Mit gest. Porträt, Tabelle (zu Bd. I, S. 478) u. 109 gest. Tafeln (plano, 2 mit Aquatinta). Prag, Gedruckt bei J. Spurny (1 u. 2), 1831-1832 u. Wien, Gedruckt bei J. P. Sollinger, 1834; Atlas: Prag, 1831-1832 u. Wien, 1834. 4to. (27,6 x 20,5 cm) u. Quer-Folio (32,5 x 46,0 cm). Marmorierte Halblederbände d. Zt. mit etwas Rückenvergoldung u. Halblederband d. Zt. (Rücken u. Ecken erneuert).
185245102 Abt. in 1 Band. Mit 4 gest. Tafeln, 4 (2 kolor.) lithogr. Tafeln sowie 6 ganzseitigen Holzstichen (davon 5 in der Paginierung von Teil 2). Braunschweig, Druck von F. M. Meinecke, (1852). Kl.-8vo. (12,4 x 10,1 cm). 1: 1 Bl., XVI S., 1 Bl., (11)-128 S. 2: 159 S., (1 S. Anzeige). Halbleinwandband d. Zt. (vorderer Orig.-Umschlag mit Holzschnitt-Vignette eingebunden).
18831076Mit 203 Abb. auf 84 (5 doppelblattgr.) Tafeln u. einigen Abb. im Text. New York, The Railroad Gazette, 1883. Folio (ca. 39,5 x 28,0 cm). 4 Bll., 46 S., 1 Bl. Zwischentitel, 1 Bl. Index. Halblederband d. Zt. [6 Warenabbildungen]
1845619717London: Bradshaw's Railway Information Office 1845. Slender hard cover no jacket intended from the collection of the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers; their coat of arms is stamped to the FEP. In fine condition for its age showing some wear to boards and notable tanning to content however this remains clear and informative. Contains a number of unusual contemporaneous advertisements including Macassar oil; 'For The Hair The Skin & The Teeth' a number of 'Life Assurance Societies' and 'Cabburn's Oil' for the cure of Rheumatism and Gout. Small water mark at spine point of title page. Text block is notably tanned but remains firmly bound. Railways timetables all present including the Second Edition fold out timetable for the journey London to Ely and Norwich and return. A lovely historical piece. Please contact us for further information or additional pictures. CN. Hardcover. Very Good/No Dust Jacket. Bradshaw's Railway Information Office Hardcover
1855EEzz81941KParis, 1840-1855. gr.-4°, mit zahlr. gestochenen, teils lith. Abb. im Text, schwarze HLdrbde. d. Zt., 4 Blindbünde, Rückenkanten leicht beschabt, Deckel etw. berieb., insges. sehr gutes Expl. In Französisch. - In dieser überaus wichtigen Architekturzeitschrift werden die verschiedendsten Themen bearbeitet, u.a. über Eisenbahnbau (Bahnhöfe, Bahngebäude etc. ), Aeronautik, Archäologie, Kunsthandwerk, Technik, Elektrizität, Gartenbau etc.
18514405), Olpe, Siegen, Wittgenstein, Biedenkopf, auf die Main-Weserbahn bei Marburg; als direckte (!) Verbindung Englands, Belgiens und Hollands, mit dem südlichen und mittleren Deutschland. Mit 2 gefalt. streckenkolorierten lithogr. Karten. Gummersbach, Druck von Fr. Luyken, 1851. 8vo. (21,8 x 13,5 cm). Titel, 42 S. Orig.-Umschlag.
189675179London: McCorquodale & Co. Limited 1896. First edition of this elusive yet important publication. Quarto 7 x 9 7/8 inches. 46 2 ad for the photographer of the book Fred. Ahrle and printer's slug. pp. including 15 full page photographic illustrations by Ahrle and 5 double page plates the first one is a map printed in gold of the railway route used as a frontispiece and one is an gradient diagram and the remainder are plans. Publisher's flexible scarlet cloth with large gilt cover lettering along with the device of the railway. Aside from a couple of ink drops on the corner an exemplary copy. Only a handful of copies located by OCLC. and no copies have appeared at auction according to RBH.The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is the first and foremost instance of a mountain passenger railway. Opened in 1881 it introduced bold and imaginative engineering approaches to the challenge of rail links on a hilly terrain of excellent beauty this is the first guide book to this fabled railway.The settlement at Darjeeling really began in 1828 with British interest. By 1835 it was separated from Sikkim for establishing a Sanatorium for the invalid servants of the East India Company. It then consisted of a monastery on observatory hill clustered with about 20 huts and a population of about 100 people. Planning began in 1839 to lay out the Darjeeling town and construct a hill road connecting Siliguri Pankhabari Kurseong and Darjeeling. At the same time evolution of hotels began the first being The Darjeeling Family Hotel’s followed by other hotels. By 1840 Darjeeling town had about 30 buildings and a few respectable houses.I n the year 1878 Franklin Prestage Agent of the Eastern Bengal Railway foresaw the utility of a rail link between the hills of Darjeeling and the plains. His scheme was mainly driven by hard economic considerations viz. the huge difference in the cost of essential commodities between Darjeeling and Siliguri the need to carry out tea for export and the inability of the existing road to handle the growing traffic. He submitted a scheme for the construction of a two feet gauge railway line from Siliguri to Darjeeling.In a detailed scheme submitted to the Government of Bengal and approved by the Lt. Governor Sir Ashley Eden he pointed out how a railway could substantially reduce the cost of transport between Darjeeling and the plains. Rice which sold at 98 a ton at Siliguri Cost 238 at Darjeeling! He was also convinced that the cost of construction of the 2 feet gauge rail-line would not be prohibitive and locomotives small but powerful enough to climb steep gradients could be designed Prestage received final sanction for his project on April 8 1879 and formed the Darjeeling Steam Tramway Co. However the idea of operating the line as a steam tramway was soon abandoned and on September 15 1881 the company adopted the designation of Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Co. DHR which remained effective until it was taken over by the Government of free India on October 20 1948. Throughout that period Gillanders Artbuthnot & Co. one of the oldest managing houses in Calcutta handled its financial legal and purchasing interests.abaa-ny-2022 McCorquodale & Co., Limited hardcover
188853587Chicago: Rand McNally & Co. 1888. 1888. 20 3/4" x 13 1/2" sheet folded to 24 panels. Map. One cover panel; one panel showing N.P.R.R. route from Minneapolis to Washington Territory; and 10 panels of information to include information on the area's location and physical features climate agriculture stock raising manufacturing mining public schools cities and towns etc. Opposite 12 panels offer a map of Washington Territory printed in red and black. A rare promotional piece to encourage sales of Northern Pacific Railroad lands in Washington Territory. Light soling a few small splits to creases and with minor wear to the extremities. Very good. Rand, McNally & Co., 1888. unknown
186849559New York: Published by the Union Pacific Railroad Company 1868. 1868. RAILROAD. First edition. 8vo. Original pictorial printed wrappers 32 pp. frontispiece Map of the Union Pacific Rail Road and its Connections introduction. Details the formation of the company and the progress of the work including the topography character of the country and distances along the line. Much information is provided regarding agricultural resources timber minerals etc. Branches and connecting roads along with the needed resources for construction are discussed as is information on actual earnings anticipated earnings and the issuance of the company's first mortgage bonds. A wonderful advertisement on the rear cover panel offers First Mortgage Bonds at par principal and interest Payable In Gold. A faint vertical crease and very lightly toned at the cover edges else a near fine bright copy. Published by the Union Pacific Railroad Company, 1868. unknown
1850235001850. Slavery & Abolition Underground Railroad Fugitive Slave Signed letter mentioning threats of arson against an abolitionist community in Pennsylvania 1850. Lancaster stood on a volatile antislavery route in 1850 with fugitives moving west toward Columbia and the Susquehanna River while pro slavery men targeted communities accused of sheltering escapees. Mary Louisa Harbaugh the young wife of Rev. Henry Harbaugh of the German Reformed Church wrote to her mother that "a party of fellows from Phil. came up here and threatened to burn this place down" and that residents had kept watch after "a great many alarms of fire." Lancaster was the home of Thaddeus Stevens the lawyer and future Radical Republican congressman who defended fugitives and attacked slavery in public life. Columbia eleven miles west had a large free Black population and served as a crossing point for people escaping slavery before and after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. <br /> <br /> Harbaugh M. L. Autograph Letter Signed. Lancaster Pennsylvania June 15 1850. Three manuscript pages plus stampless address leaf addressed to her mother Mrs. Margaret A. Linn Lewisburg Pennsylvania. Harbaugh reports household matters children's clothing local health and the arson threat in one domestic letter writing that the city was "very healthy" except for "a few old people" before describing the men from Philadelphia who threatened to burn Lancaster. The address leaf preserves the Lewisburg destination manuscript postal markings and remains of the original red wax seal. The part concerning the arsonists reads as follows:<br /> <br /> "Dear Mother .This place is very healthy now. I know of no disease or sickness at all except among a few old people. We had a great many alarms of fire a few days ago a party of fellows from Phil. came up here and threatened to burn this place down but they were discovered too soon. They have had a watch out since and nothing is heard of them now. The place is not large enough for such persons to do any injury to it."<br /> <br /> Mary Louisa Harbaugh's husband Rev. Henry Harbaugh was a prominent German Reformed minister and writer who avoided public antislavery controversy while her family in Lewisburg was connected to abolitionist politics through her father's break with the Democratic Party for James G. Birney's Free Soil candidacy. Local newspapers such as the June 19 1850 issue of The Lancaster Examiner and Herald reportedly attributed the fire as "no doubt the work of incendiaries as two men were seen running from the Cooper Shop just as the alarm was given" in which they made their escape. It was reported that a young black man by the name of "Gilmore" was arrested and imprisoned on suspicion but was released the next day for insufficient evidence. Other newspapers reportedly minimized the incident without attribution to racial tension all while Columbia suffered a fire that destroyed nine houses and the offices of the Columbia Spy. Folded as mailed with light toning minor edge wear one small seal tear and clean legible manuscript throughout. Overall very good condition. unknown
1844GD012817okBC1S5Manchester: Wetmore & Wallace 1844. Manchester: Wetmore & Wallace Rare Americana 1844 First Printing. 8vo. 16 pages with folding map at rear of wrappers. The folding map titled :Plan and Profile of the Route Surveyed for the Northern Railroad from Concord to Lebanon N.H." measuring approxinately 28" long and 9" wide. The map is in extremely nice condition. The spine shows some wear but remains a very nice copy. A signature of S.Chase" appears on the front wrapper. There is an institional rubber stamp on the margin of page 3. Vermont Historical Society Montpelier Vermont. This report printed by Wetmore & Wallace Printers in Manchester New Hampshire presents the findings of an engineer's survey for the Northern Railroad route. It covers the planned railroad connections between Concord Franklin and complete with Lebanon along the Connecticut River. Published in 1844 this document provides historical insight into the development of New Hampshire early railroad infrastructure and the engineering challenges faced in the region at that time. Scarce copy last auction records 1930. First Printing. Paperback. Good/No Jacket. 8vo - over 7¾" - 9¾" tall. Manchester: Wetmore & Wallace
1851406078New York: Wm. C. Locke & Co 1851. Wrappers chipped at edges professionally rebacked some unobtrusive offsetting on map. 8vo. 50 pages. Large folding map on three joined sheets 21 x 1788 cm; 8.25 x 61.75 inches. 11 woodblock illustrations in text and with 2 more not recorded in the index but always present. Original printed wrappers with woodblock vignette. SCARCE Hudson River Railroad travel guide published the first year in which the full line was completed. It covers points of interest along the route with woodblocks illustrating the text. Topics include: the history of the Hudson River the history of the construction of the Hudson River Railroad and the cities towns and villages along the Hudson from New York City all the way to Troy. <br /> <br /> Concerning the West Point Foundry at Cold Spring the guide states: "the iron foundry was established here by Gouverneur Kemble. The works are situated about a mile west of the village upon a small stream which tumbles rapidly down the mountains affording considerable water power. It is the largest establishment of its kind in the country employing nearly five hundred hands constantly."<br /> <br /> The building of the Hudson River Railroad is another topic in the guide. The project was considered highly impractical since much of the route had to be cut through extremely difficult rock and terrain. This section includes a description of the tunnels which had to be constructed. <br /> <br /> The railroad was opened in three stages. In September 1849 it allowed passengers to travel from New York to Peekskill. By that December 6 twenty-three additional miles were opened extending to New Hamburg. By the 31st of the month it was open the remaining distance of nine miles to Poughkeepsie. <br /> <br /> The Hudson River Railroad was an extension of the Troy and Greenbush Railroad which was chartered in 1845 connecting Troy South to Greenbush now Rensselaer on the east side of the Hudson. The Hudson River Railroad was chartered on May 12 1846 to extend this line south to New York City. The full line opened on October 3 1851 the same year in which this travel guide was published. WorldCat/OCLC records 25 copies but it is scarcely found complete with the map and the map is also excluded from the digitized versions available online. Wm. C. Locke & Co unknown
188250958New York: Land Dept. Northern Pacific Railroad Co. 1882. 1882. PACIFIC NORTHWEST. First edition. 8vo. Printed wrappers 81 pp. introductory illustrated large folding map at the rear. Scarce Western promotional travel guide to the Pacific North-West. Addressed to prospective settlers and travelers alike this guide consists of historical geographical and agricultural information and discusses at length matters such as commerce climate education taxes prices and the regions of the Pacific North-West. Each county is described and suggestions are provided to prospective emigrants such as "In mercantile pursuits the opening is good for men of enterprise and capital; but the chances for mere clerks are not good." Farm labor wages in these parts are recorded as being between $25 and $30 per month and lumber mills wages between $60 and $90 per month for first-class hands. It is also noted that "Chinamen work for the railroads and boards themselves at $1.00 a day and in winter take contracts for grubbing brush land." There are ten full-page illustrations which include a two-page "Bird's Eye View of Portland Oregon" "Saw Mill on Puget Sound W.T." "Astoria Oregon Entrance to Columbia River" "First Street Portland Oregon" and "Commercial Street Seattle W.T." with folding map of the region Unfolded 28 1/2 x 18 inches in the back. Spine and outer edges of wrappers sunned else very good copy. Land Dept., Northern Pacific Railroad Co., 1882. hardcover
18396365... the company's charges for conveyance; time of starting each train. Mit 1 mehrfach gefalt. gest. Karte mit 3 Ansichten u. 1 gefalt. Fahrplan. London, S. Cornish, 1839. 12mo. (14,2 x 9,0 cm). V (recte IV), (3)-18, 65-72, (5)-90 S., 2 Bl. - Angebunden: Cornish's Guide and Companion to the Grand Junction and the Liverpool and Manchester Railways, containing also the stranger's guide to Liverpool and Manchester, and an account of Birmingham ... the company's charges from one station to another ... time of departure and arrival of each train. Third Edition, Enlarged and considerably Emproved. Mit 1 mehrf. gefalt. kolor. gest. Karte mit 2 Darstellungen u. 1 mehrfach gefalt. gest. Plan von Liverpool. Ebda. 1839. (V)-VIII, (5)-10, 15-60, 25-140 (recte 104), (141)-216 S. Orig.-Leinwandband mit goldgeprägtem Deckeltitel. [3 Warenabbildungen]
18671385[Hrsg. vom Schweizerischen Ingenieur- und Architektenverein.] Mit 12 doppelblattgr. (1 zusätzlich gefalt.) lithogr. Tafeln von Wurster, Randegger & Co. in Winterthur. Zürich, Meyer & Zeller, [1867]. Folio. (46,6 x 29,5 cm). Neuer Halbleinwandband mit montiertem Deckeltitel. [6 Warenabbildungen]
19004711Tramways Electriques. Electric Tramways. Mit gefalt. Frontispiz, 3 gefalt. Tafeln u. Plänen sowie überaus zahlr., meist ganzseitigen fotografischen Abbildungen, Streckenplänen u. Zeichnungen. Berlin, (Druck von O. Elsner), 1900. Quer-4to. (24,5 x 33,3 cm). 6 Bl., 400 S. Orig.-Pappband mit gold- u. rotgeprägtem Deckeltitel, Vorsätzen in Braun- u. Golddruck sowie dreiseitigem Rotschnitt. [10 Warenabbildungen]
1881List1934BCarson 1881. Single sided receipt measuring 7 ¾ x 4 ½ inches. Near fine with a small tear to bottom of page. Near Fine. A receipt issued for passage from Carson to Badie Nevada in 1881 aboard the Virginia and Truckee Railroad issued with a note that reads “Chinamen†in the remarks section. The Virginia and Truckee was originally built to service the Comstock Lode area in Nevada. Chinese who represented ten percent of Virginia City during the period referred to Nevada as “Yin Shan†which translates to “Silver Mountain.†Chinese people in Nevada held varied jobs in the state perhaps more so than in other parts of the United States with an 1870 census listing Chinese merchants miners laborers laundrymen cooks gamblers and harlots. Despite the heavy involvement of Chinese in Nevada during the period few ephemeral records surface in the trade likely due to the drops in population caused by the Chinese Exclusion Act and perhaps also due to the overall population drop when miners left the region. unknown
18563168Cincinnati 1856. Very good. Five issues and supplements totaling 72pp. Spines reinforced. Light tanning and dust soiling; scattered faint foxing. A lengthy extra issue of the Railroad Record with four additional eight-page supplements that together comprise a ringing endorsement from this industry periodical and its editors of the southern route through Texas and the Southwest for the American transcontinental railroad. The first two items of this extra published on October 4 1855 are by Texas Western Railroad owner and promoter Edgar Conkling who exhorts readers to examine the evidence supporting construction along the southern route and to invest in his railroad which was already sanctioned by the Texas state legislature as the text of two laws printed following his address demonstrate. Much of the issue is taken up by extracts from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis' positive report on the route through Texas and by a précis by Colonel A.B. Davis of his exhaustive survey of the proposed path through the recently completed Gadsden Purchase with a double-page map of the intended line. After several other attestations a subscription form is included at the rear for those who wish to purchase stock at $100 per share in the Texas Western Railroad Company. The additional four supplements dating from late 1855 and the first half of 1856 print more arguments in favor of the southern route including a lengthy letter from Thomas Butler King and lead articles with titles such as "What Shall Be Done for a Highway to the Pacific" and "Objections to the Construction of the Pacific Railroad reviewed." The Texas Western never built more than fifty miles of track connection Shreveport Louisiana and Marshall Texas and it was another twenty-five years before the Southern Pacific and Texas & Pacific Railroads connected near El Paso in 1881 to complete the "southern route" as it was originally conceived. unknown
