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1904166196London: The Bruton Galleries Bond Street 1904-36. The blockbuster Discovery exhibition of 1904 The original visitor's book for one of the stellar red-carpet events of the season: the Bruton Galleries exhibition of artefacts and artwork from Scott's Discovery expedition a landmark in polar exploration. It includes the signatures of numerous crew members including Ernest H. Shackleton Edward A. Wilson Charles Royds Reginald Skelton and Ernest E. Joyce alongside Clements Markham and Llewellyn Longstaff a financial angel of the expedition. The exhibition which opened in November 1904 was curated by Clements Markham who had organized the expedition and launched Scott's polar career. It was remarkably extensive the catalogue listing 484 items including 150 photographs by Reginald Skelton 200 watercolours and drawings by Edward A. Wilson equipment from the expedition a model of the Discovery rations and the South Polar Times. The photographs and artwork constituted a visual record of Antarctic conditions and documented gruelling conditions bringing home "the scale magic and danger of Antarctica with a compelling immediacy" Merwe & Michell p. 66. The show proved extraordinarily popular with "Bruton Street and New Bond Street lined with motorcars and carriages" Huxley p. 141. "Persons of rank and fashion were marshalled into a long queue by a policeman. Society folk were not used to queues in those days and they protested that they had tickets; so had everyone the constable replied and kept them in line" Huxley p. 141. It fuelled the public's growing excitement about polar exploration: "an exhibit of Wilson's Antarctic art attracted over ten thousand viewers to London's prestigious Bruton Gallery. Advertisements in the gallery catalogue touted paints and binoculars used by the artist in the Antarctic" Larson p 159. The Discovery crew received an exuberant homecoming hailed for their "British grit" and Edward VII awarded each man the Antarctic medal. "Indeed for many Scott and his men became the national heroes that the Boer War had failed to supply. The explorers became celebrities. Crowds packed their public appearances" Larson p. 158. The leading actress Ellen Terry attended the event. She had been present when the expedition docked in Portsmouth later writing a postcard to Scott thanking him for letting her see the Discovery. The members of the Discovery expedition who have signed include Ernest H. Shackleton third lieutenant Edward A. Wilson assistant surgeon and artist Charles Royds first lieutenant Reginald Skelton chief engineer and photographer Ernest E. Joyce petty officer Arthur Henry Blissett steward Jacob Cross petty officer Hartley T. Ferrar geologist and Reginald C. Ford chief steward and stores officer. Curiously Scott is not among them. This might be a consequence of his resolve "to keep as quiet as possible" after the expedition Huxley p. 158. Three Shackleton family members attended: Ernest H. Shackleton's sisters Gladys and Helen besides Eileen Shackleton of Bushey. Other noted polar explorers feature among the visitors such as Robert Rudmose-Brown of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition Scotia 1902-4 alongside its honorary secretary James G. Ferrier. Another notable voyager is Charles Ede the assistant surgeon on HMS Assistance on the British Franklin Search Expedition 1850-1 and a "Mrs. Reynolds" the great-niece of Franklin. The visitor's book serves as a record of an early 20th-century red carpet event and contains approximately 1000 signatures including the writer Walter Jerrold alongside the artists Felix Moscheles and Marietta Pallis. Robert Baden-Powell the founder of the Boy Scout movement also attended. Princess Beatrice and Maria Amelia Queen of Portugal likewise attended. Successive pages record visitors from Lancashire Yorkshire and Scotland. Moreover there are numerous admirals and military men together with a collector of Egyptian art. Two further sections in the book relate to miscellaneous exhibitions held in later years. Folio 283 x 245 mm. Contemporary dark red skiver by Jas. Truscott & Sons of London flat spine gilt-lettered direct spine and covers decorated in gilt front cover lettered "Bruton Galleries/Visitor's Book" marbled endpapers all edges gilt; 115 lined pages signed bearing approximately 2000 names and addresses all recto of which 57 lined pages with approximately 1000 signatures pertaining to the Discovery expedition. Extremities with slight wear from handling some stripping of leather minor toning general finger soiling. A very good copy. Elspeth Huxley Scott 1990; Max Jones The Last Great Quest 2004; Edward J. Larson An Empire of Ice 2011; Pieter van der Merwe and Jeremy Michell eds South: The Race to the Pole 2018. hardcover
191722798London 1917. Very good condition. The salver was presented as a wedding gift to Royal Navy officer CHARLES ROYDS 1876-1931 the Discovery's first lieutenant after whom Cape Royds in Antarctica is named. The salver has specially crafted feet fashioned after penguin's feet.<br /> <br /> The Discovery expedition was the first led by Captain Robert Scott and was arranged by the Joint Antarctic Committee composed of members from the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. Known as the British National Antarctic Expedition the goal of the expedition was the scientific exploration of South Victoria Land and the ice barrier as well as the interior of the Antarctic continent. Its achievements included the discovery of the polar plateau and Scott's ascent the first ever in a hot air balloon over Antarctica. It was also the first to do extensive land exploration on the continent and went the furthest south by a sledge reaching 82 16' S. One of the unexpected contributions was the introduction to the Antarctic of so many future explorers as it included Ernest Shackleton Frank Wild & Edgar & Edward Evans. Scott returned to Antarctica a second time aboard the Terra Nova. That expedition which commenced in 1910 developed into a race against the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen to become the first to reach the South Pole. Amundsen attained the goal on January 4 1912 beating Scott by two weeks. Scott's expedition ended tragically when he and four companions perished on their return march from the South Pole after failing to reach a supply depot.<br /> <br /> Royd's had a very distinguished list of Antarcticans attending his wedding. But there are a number of ghostly presences that might have been there. Both Scott and Edward Wilson died in 1911 in their attempt to be the first to the South Pole. Ernest Shackleton was on duty in Northern Russia as was Frank Wild. These two were to return to the Antarctic in the Shackleton's Endurance expedition which is one of the greatest stories of survival ever told. Dr. Koettlitz died in 1916. <br /> <br /> The silver salver was made by Goldsmiths & Silversmith's Co. Regent St. London in 1917. It has a scalloped rope edge and four ball and claw feet is inscribed with the seal of the Discovery Voyage depicting icebergs and a penguin encircled within a heraldic belt. Below the seal is the engraved inscription "To Captain C.W. Royds R.N. on his marriage October 5th 1918 from his old messmates in the ‘Discovery' 1901-1904." <br /> <br /> Surrounding the inscription are the engraved signatures of:<br /> <br /> Scottish Royal Navy captain ALBERT B. ARMITAGE 1864-1943; "Albert B. Armitage" was the Discovery's second-in-command. "Armitage had been second in command of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition to Spitsbergen. In recognition of this he received the Murchison award from the Royal Geographical Society. Armitage was the oldest man in the expedition and his years of Arctic service gave him more such experience than anyone else on the Discovery except Koettlitz. The contrasts between Armitage and Scott were noteworthy. Armitage had a good deal of experience with ships under sail; Scott did not. Armitage had three years of polar work; Scott had none" Scott of the Antarctic Huxley. Cape Armitage the southernmost point on Ross Island is named in his honor.<br /> <br /> LOUIS BERNACCHI 1876-1942; "L. C. Bernacchi" was a Tasmanian physicist and astronomer of Italian extraction. His first polar journey was with Carsten Borchgrevink's Southern Cross expedition 1898-1901 along with Hodgson above. For his work on the Discovery voyage Bernacchi was decorated by the Royal Geographical Society and awarded the Légion d'honneur. Scott was the best man at his wedding. Bernacchi explored regions of Africa and South America wrote several books on the Antarctic was a member of the Royal Geographic Society and served in the British and United States military during World War I. His attempts to raise funds for a 1925 Antarctic expedition failed. Antarctica's Bernacchi Head and Bay honor his name.<br /> <br /> MICHAEL BARNE 1877-1961; "Michael Barne". Barne's responsibilities as a member of Scott's Discovery expedition was to keep records of the voyage. A recipient of the Polar Medal Barne "had been a shipmate of Scott on the Majestic. and was appointed second officer by the committee in June 1900. His duties including assisting Armitage with magnetic studies and taking charge of deep-sea temperature research" Pilgrims on the Ice: Robert Falcon Scott's first Antarctic Expedition Baughman. An Antarctic cape glacier and inlet are named after him.<br /> <br /> GEORGE FRANCIS ARTHUR MULOCK 1882-1963; "George F.A. Mulock". Mulock had joined the relief vessel Morning that resupplied Scott's ships in the Antarctic. In 1902 he came aboard the Discovery to replace Ernest Shackleton who had fallen ill. Mulock served as a surveyor and cartographer during the mission publishing his results as Survey Work of the National Antarctic 1901-04 for which he was awarded the Polar Medal. He had a distinguished career in both World War I and II during which time he was held captive by the Japanese. The Mulock Inlet and Glacier are named in his honor.<br /> <br /> Marine biologist THOMAS VERE HODGSON 1864-1926; "T.V. Hodgson" did pioneering work aboard the Discovery and was the first person to describe the Antarctic's deep sea floor. Prior to joining the Discovery he had been a member of Carsten Borchgrevink's Southern Cross expedition 1898-1901. Cape Hodgson in the Ross Archipelago is named after him.<br /> <br /> Royal Navy officer REGINALD W. SKELTON 1872-1956; "Reginald W. Skelton" was the Discovery's chief engineer and official photographer. Despite the long-standing friendship between Scott and Skelton he was passed over as second-in-command on Scott's fatal 1910 Terra Nova expedition. An Antarctic inlet and three glaciers are named in his honor.<br /> <br /> CYRIL LONGHURST "Cyril Longhurst" was the secretary of the Discovery expedition and served as best man at Shackleton's wedding. Mount Cyril in Antarctica is named after him.<br /> <br /> HARTLEY TRAVERS FERRAR 1879-1932; "H.T. Ferrar" was born in Ireland raised in South Africa and educated as a geologist in England. A relatively young and inexperienced member of the voyage Ferrar met the woman he would marry while the Discovery was docked in New Zealand. His expedition duties included making geological surveys classifying what became known as the Ferrar or Beacon sandstone layer and discovering the first Antarctic fossils. He later conducted geological research in Egypt Palestine and New Zealand. The Ferrar Glacier is named for him.<br /> <br /> Following the Discovery expedition Royds continued his career in the Royal Navy. While commanding the battleship HMS Emperor of India he was given our lovely sterling silver platter to honor his marriage to Mary Louisa Blane a widow and retired actress. After the war Royds was an instructor at the Admiralty retiring from the navy as a rear-admiral. Thereafter he enjoyed a second career as deputy commissioner of the Metropolitan Police for which he received a knighthood.<br /> <br /> A unique object. Professionally polished and in fine condition save a few very faint scuffs. unknown
191439Smith Elder London 1914. First Edition. Hardcover Original Cloth. Very Good Condition/No Dust Jacket. 1st Limited Edition: This is copy 43 of a limited edition of 250. Original covers no dust jacket all page edges gilt. Copiously illustrated drawings in the text and full-page plates from sketches and paintings by E. Wilson and others. Gutta-percha binding very delicate with leaves just loosening. Gutta Percha was used as the binding glue in many early books it is not a difficult job to remove and reback using modern glues Ex Library with various library stamps on some pages. The South Polar Times was a magazine written and printed by the members of Antarctic Expeditions during the various voyages they undertook. The South Polar Times form what is perhaps the most personal of the printed documents to have come out of that most remarkable of periods of Antarctic adventures revealing so many often contradictory aspects of these men's various personalities. 'During the Antarctic winter of 1902 and 1903 the officers of the National Antarctic Expedition on board the Discovery among other diversions wherewith to lighten the long and dreary darkness brought out at monthly intervals a periodical to which they gave the name of "The South Polar Times" the contents of which range over a wide field grave and gay scientific and humorous prose and poetry. It contains a diary of the events of each month a record of the proceedings of the local Debating Society a monthly acrostic humorous notes besides articles of a more solid nature as well as stories sketches of various kinds and poems of a standard considerably above average.' One of the corner stones of an Antarctic collection. Volume 1 & 2 were Scott's 1st "Discovery Expedition" Special Limited Edition first issue in this format. Quantity Available: 1. Shipped Weight: Under 5 kilogram. Category: Arctic & Antarctic; Exploration. Pictures of this item not already displayed here available upon request. Inventory No: 39. . This book is extra heavy and may involve extra shipping charges to some countries. Smith Elder hardcover
192349718Paris Gauthier-Villars et Cie 1923. 4to. Bound in one contemp. full buckram. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 177. Bound with orig. printed front-wrapper to No. 1 half-title and title-page to vol. 177. 1513 pp. Entire volume offered. De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510 pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A punched stamp on foot of title-page. <br/><br/><em>First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation I suddenly had the idea during the year 1923 that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" Preface to his PhD thesis 1924."He made the leap in his September 10 1923 paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."Pais "Subtle is the Lord" pp. 425-436.In the third paper October 8 he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat rays and Pierre Louis Maupertuis particles as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."DSB."This idea i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927. Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions each applicable under certain circumstances but incompatible with one another." Printing and the Mind of Man 417. </em> hardcover
192346949Paris Gauthier-Villars et Cie 1923. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. full cloth. Spines gilt and with gilt lettering. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 177. With htitle a. titlepage. 1513 pp. Entire volume offered. De Broglie's papers: pp. 507-510 pp. 548-551 a. pp. 630-32. Clean and fine. A stamp to verso of titlepage. <br/><br/><em>First edition of these papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Théorie des Quanta."De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation I suddenly had the idea during the year 1923 that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" Preface to his PhD thesis 1924."He made the leap in his September 10 1923 paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."Pais "Subtle is the Lord" pp. 425-436.In the third paper October 8 he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat rays and Pierre Louis Maupertuis particles as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves obtain Planck’s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."DSB."This idea i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927. Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions each applicable under certain circumstances but incompatible with one another." Printing and the Mind of Man 417. </em> hardcover
169141859Leipzig Grosse & Gleditsch 1691. 4to. Contemp. full vellum. Faint handwritten title on spine. a small stamp on titlepage. In: "Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCLXXXXI". 85906 pp. and 13 of 15 folded engraved plates. The 2 first plates lacks but they do not belong to the papers listed.Leibniz' papers: pp.277-281 a. 1 plate pp. 435-439. Johann Bernoulli: pp. 274-276 a. 1 plate. Huygens: pp. 281-282. - Jacob Bernoulli: pp. 282-290 a. 1 plate. <br/><br/><em>All papers first apperance. All 5 of extreme importence in the development of the Calculus. Leibniz' 2 papers on the catenary curve paper 1-2 offered here was written at the instigation of Jacques Bernoulli. Following the example of Blaise Pascal who had initiated in 1658 a contest for the construction of the cycloid Leibniz also provoked the geometers of his time by challenging them to submit at the fixed date of mid-1691 their geometric method for the construction of the catenary curve. Leibniz later provided the answer followed by Johann Bernoulli and Huygens.'These two papers are a historical account of the origin of the study of this transcendental curve and at the same time the first physical-geometric construction showing the species-relationship between the catenary and the logarithmic curves as two companion curves; one arithmetic the other geometric. All of the differentials of the catenary curve are arithmetic means of corresponding differentials of the logarithmic curve; and all of the differentials of the logarithmic curve are geometric means of the catenary.'"The Catenary is the form of a hanging fully flexible rope or chain the name comes from "catena" which means 'chain' suspended on two points. The interest in this curve originated with Galileo who thought that is was a parabola. Young Christiaan Huygens proved in 1646 that this cannot be the case. What the actual form was remained an open question till 1691 when Leibniz Johann Bernoulli and the then much older Huygens sent solutions to the problem to the "Acta" Jakob Bernoulli 1690 Johann Bernoulli 1691 Huygens 1691 and Leibniz 1691 - these 4 1691-papers offered here - in which the previous year Jakob Bernoulli had challenged mathematicians to solve it. As published the solutions did not reveal the methods but through later publications of manuscripts these methods have been known. Huygens applied with great paper 4 virtuosity the by then classical methods of 17th century infinitesimal mathematics and he needed all his ingenuity to reach a satisfactory solution. Leibniz the papers 1-2 and Bernoulli paper 3 applying the new Calculus found the solutions in a much direct way. In fact the catenary was a test-case between the old and the new style in the study of curves and only because the champion of the old style was a giant like Huygens the test-case can formally be considered as ending in a draw." Grattan-Guiness in "From the Calculus to Set Theory 1630-1910.".The paper by JACOB BERNOULLI no. 5 offered here is a milestone papers as it marks the invention of the "SYSTEM OF POLAR COORDINATES" with points located by reference to a fixed point and a line through that point. Although newton had earlier also devised such a coordinate system in 1671 his work was not known so that the credit for the discovery generally goes to Bernoulli. Parkinson Breakthroughs 1691.Further papers contained in this volume of Acta Eruditorum:DENYS PAPIN: Mecanicorum de Viribus Motricibus sententia asserta a D. Papino adversius C.G.G. L. Leibniz objectiones. pp. 6-13. The plate lacks. - and Dion. Papini Observationes quaedam circa materias ad Hydraulicam spectantes. Pp. 208-213 a. 1 plate. This importent paper is part of the LEIBNIZ-PAPIN-CONTROVERSY.JACOB BERNOULLI: Specimen Calculi Differentialis in dimensione Parabolæ helicoidis ubi de flexuris curvarum in genere carundem evolutionibus. Pp. 13-22. The plate lacks. - and J.B. Demonstratio Centri Oscillationis ex Natura Vectis reperta occassione eorum quæ super hac materia in Historia Literaria Roterodamensi recensentur articulo.Pp.317-321.LEIBNIZ: O.V.E. Additio ad Schediasma de Medii Resistentia publicatum in Actis mensis Febr. 1889. Pp. 177-178. and O.V.E. Quadratura Arithmetica Communis Sectionum Conicarum quæ centrum babent.Pp. 178-182 a. 1 plate.TSCHIRNHAUS: Singularia Effecta Vitri Caustici bipedalis quod omnia magno sumtu hactenus constructa specula ustoria virtute superat per D.T. Pp. 517-520 </em> hardcover
182035260Paris Crochard 1820. Recent hcloth. Some repairs to inner margin of titlepage to "Annales". In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago" Tome XIV pp. 417-25. The whole volume present: 448 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. <br/><br/><em>First French translation and the first translation of Oersted's epoch-making announcement in his Latin pamphlet "Extperimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acun magneticam. Hafniæ 1820" privately printed in a very small number and only distributed to colleques in Europe. This discovery and confirmation of the connection between 2 forces electricity and magnetism must be considered one of the happiest events in the history of science both with regard to scientific and practical results. - "From the moment that Ørsted's discovery became known it created an enormous sensation. The results communicated were so astounding that they were received with a certain distrust but they were stated with such accuracy that it could hardly be permitted to entertain any doubts. In the course of a short time the treatise was translated into all the chief languages." Kirstine Meyer. - Dibner:61 - PMM: 282 - Horblitt: 3 b. - Sparrow: 152. </em> hardcover
192347061Lancaster The Physical Review 1923. Royal8vo. Contemp. full buckram. In:"The Physical Review" Series II vol. 21. 4736 pp. Plates and textillustr. Entire volume offered. A perforated stamp in upper margin on a few leaves. Compton's paper: pp. 483- 501. <br/><br/><em>First printing of this milestone paper in quantum physics in which Compton verifies Planck's quantum postulate and found that some of the X-rays had in scattering lenghtened their wavelenght. This phenomena was called the "Compton Effect" in his honour. For this discovery Compton received the Nobel prize in physics in 1927."Compton was able to account for this lenghtening of wavelenght by presuming that a photon of light struch an electron which recoiled subtracting some energy from the photon and therefore increasing its wavelenght. This made it seem that a photon acted as a particle: thus after more than a century the particulate natuer of light as evolved by Newton was revived. What itamounted to was that Compton brought to fruition the view that electromagnetic radiation had both a wave aspect and a particle aspect and that the aspect which was most evident depended on how the radiation was tested. De Broglie was at the same time showing that this held true also for ordinary particles such as electrons." AsimovParkinson "Breakthroughs" 1923 P. - Sigmund Brandt "The Harvest of as Century" Episode 31. </em> hardcover
188460243Berlin Stockholm Paris F. & G. Beijer 1882-84. Large4to 272 x 230 mm. Three volumes uniformly bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In "Acta Mathematica" volume 1-5. Light wear to extremities boards and spines with scratches. Stamp to verso of front board in all volumes. First three leaves in first volume detached otherwise internally fine and clean. Vol. I pp. 1-62; Pp. 193-294; Vol. II pp. 97-113; Vol. III. pp. 49-92; Vol. IV pp. 201-312; Vol. V pp. 209-278. <br/><br/><em>First publication of these groundbreaking papers which together constitute the discovery of Automorphic Functions. "Before he was thirty years of age Poincaré became world famous with his epoch-making discovery of the "automorphic functions" of one complex variable or as he called them the "fuchsian" and "kleinean" functions." DSB.These manuscripts written between 28 June and 20 December 1880 show in detail how Poincaré exploited a series of insights to arrive at his first major contribution to mathematics: the discovery of the automorphic functions. In particular the manuscripts corroborate Poincaré's introspective account of this discovery 1908 in which the real key to his discovery is given to be the recognition that the transformations he had used to define Fuchsian functions are identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. See Walter Poincaré Jules Henri French mathematician and scientist.The idea was to come in an indirect way from the work of his doctoral thesis on differential equations. His results applied only to restricted classes of functions and Poincaré wanted to generalize these results but as a route towards this he looked for a class functions where solutions did not exist. This led him to functions he named Fuchsian functions after Lazarus Fuchs but were later named automorphic functions. First editions and first publications of these epochmaking papers representing the discovery of "automorphic functions" or as Poincaré himself called them the "Fuchsian" and "Kleinian" functions."By 1884 Poincaré published five major papers on automorphic functions in the first five volumes of the new Acta Mathematica. When the first of these was published in the first volume of the new Acta Mathematica Kronecker warned the editor Mittag-Leffler that this immature and obscure article would kill the journal. Guided by the theory of elliptic functions Poincarë invented a new class of automorphic functions. This class was obtained by considering the inverse function of the ratio of two linear independent solutions of an equation. Thus this entire class of linear diffrential equations is solved by the use of these new transcendental functions of Poincaré." Morris Kline.Poincaré explains how he discovered the Automorphic Functions: "For fifteen days I strove to prove that there could not be any functions like those I have since called Fuchsian functions I was then very ignorant; every day I seated myself at my work table stayed an hour or two tried a great number of combinations and reached no results. One evening contrary to my custom I drank black coffee and could not sleep. Ideas rose in crowds; I felt them collide until pairs interlocked so to speak making a stable combination. By the next morning I had established the existence of a Class of Fuchsian functions those which come from hypergeometric series; i had only to write out the results which took but a few hours.the transformations that I had used to define the Fuchsian functions were identical with those of Non-Euclidean geometry." </em> hardcover
182046026Paris Crochard 1820. No wrappers. In "Annales". In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago" Tome XIV Cahier 4 Titlepage to vol. 14 pp. 337-442. Entire issue offered. Ørsted's paper: pp. 417-25. A few scattered brownspots. <br/><br/><em>First French translation and the first translation of Oersted's epoch-making announcement in his Latin pamphlet "Extperimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acun magneticam. Hafniæ 1820" privately printed in a very small number and only distributed to colleques in Europe. This discovery and confirmation of the connection between 2 forces electricity and magnetism must be considered one of the happiest events in the history of science both with regard to scientific and practical results. - "From the moment that Ørsted's discovery became known it created an enormous sensation. The results communicated were so astounding that they were received with a certain distrust but they were stated with such accuracy that it could hardly be permitted to entertain any doubts. In the course of a short time the treatise was translated into all the chief languages." Kirstine Meyer. - Dibner:61 - PMM: 282 - Horblitt: 3 b. - Sparrow: 152. </em> unknown
56401-19Fine. Fern Cave: The history of the discovery exploration and mapping of the Fern Cave System unknown
184849336Paris Victor Masson 1848 a. 1851. 8vo. 2 contemp. hcalf raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepages and on verso of 1 plate. In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXIV and XXXI. 6512 pp. and 2 plates 512 pp. a. 4 plates.2 entire volumes offered. Pasteur's papers: pp. 442-459 a. pp. 459-460 1 double-page folded engraved plate pp. 67-102 a. 1 plate. Some scattered brownspots to first part of the first volume not affecting P's papers. <br/><br/><em>First full exposition of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of "molecular assymetry" and founding the science of Polarimetry.The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages in order to establish priority. The announcement - 4 pages - was published in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires de l’Académie des Sciences Paris Seance of May 15 1848 26 21 535-538 Published on May 1848."In 1848.Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise now-counterclockwise effect under the microscope and found that the crystals were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resembled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove.This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work.Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance to follow various chemical reactions and so on."Asimov. Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 374-379. </em> hardcover
115669London Royal Society 1908-1913. . First edition; 2 vols 4to; vol. I: frontispiece 14 plate leaves large folding coloured map 1 very large chart dissected into 4 parts with title sheet; vol. II: 261 leaves of weather maps printed on one side only vol. I in red buckram backed boards vol. II in bright carmine red cloth backed boards spines faded lightly soiled a very good set; xiv 544; 26 pp.<br /> From the library of Professor Otto Nordenskjöld 1869-1928 the distinguished Swedish Antarctic explorer and scientist. Nordenskjöld was on the Swedish scientific expedition to the Antarctic 1901-1903 and would have had a particular interest in the results of the Discovery expedition.<br /><br />Meteorology is an important work providing a compendium of over a thousand synoptic charts concerning the Antarctic drawn not only from Scott's expedition but also from the Scottish Swedish and German expeditions. This was the first attempt to give an idea of the general principles underlying atmospheric circulation in the southern hemisphere.<br /> Rosove 288-9.A1 288-210.A1 binding b; Taurus 50; Spence 840. London, Royal Society, 1908-1913. hardcover
182843318Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1828. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 14 Zweites Stück. =Jahrgang 1828 zehntes Stück. Pp. 191-306 a. 3 engraved plates. the entire issue offered Heft 2 together with the titlepage to 14. Band. Brown's paper: pp. 294-313. Clean and fine. Small stamp on verso of titlepage. <br/><br/><em>First appearance in German of this monumental paper in atomic theory and kinematics as it was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction from abstract principles."In 1827 as he was viewing a suspension of pollen in Water under the microscope he noted that the individual grains were moving about irregularly. This he thought was the result of the life hidden within the pollen grains. However when he studied dye particles indubitably nin-livin suspended in water he found the same erratic motion. This has been called "Brownian motion" ever since and Brown could merely report on the observation. He had no explanation for it. Nor had anyone else until the development of the kinetic theory of gases by men such as Maxwell a generation later. It seemed plain. after Maxwell and especially after the work of Einstein and Perrin a half century after Maxwell that the Brownian Motion was actually a visible effect of the fact that water was composed of particles. It was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction." Asimov.The issue contains other importent papers by C. Naumann G. Magnus Th. Saussure "Kohlensäuregas in der Atmosphäre" andothers.PMM: 290 the English paper from 1828 - Sparrow Milestones of Science No 31. - Magie "A Source Book in Physics p. 251-255. - Dibner Heralds of Science No 156. </em> unknown
173546590Paris L'Imprimerie Royale 1735. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from "Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1733". Pp. 23-39 pp. 73-84 pp. 233-254 a. 1 engraved plate pp. 457-476. With titlepage to the volume 1733/1735. Margins of titlepage with a few brownspots. <br/><br/><em>First appearance of these milestone papers in the histroy of electricity in which Dufay explains his discovery of two kinds of electricity and the relation between them attraction and repulsion shocks and sparking and the full recognition of electrostatic repulsion. He formulates the two-fluid theory of electricity. He further showed that "not all bodies can become electrified themselves" by friction and went on to show "that they can all acquire a considerable electrical virtue when the tube of rubbed glass wood metals or liquids are brought near them" provided only that they are insulated by beiing stood on "a support of glass or of sealing-wax".Dufay "TRANSFORMED A COLLECTION OF MISCELLANEOUS WEEDS INTO THE FIRST GARDEN OF EUROPE" Heilbron"Dufay's substantive discoveries - ACR the two electricities shocks and sparking - are but one aspect and perhaps not the most significant of his achievement. His insistence on the impiortence of the subject on the universal character of electricity on the necessity of organizing digesting and regulariizing known facts before grasping new ones all helped to introduce order and professionel standards into the study of electricity at precisely the moment when the accumulation of data began to require them. He foundthe subject a record of often capricious disconnected phenomena the domain of the polymaths textbook writers and prfesional lecturers and left a body of knowledge that invited and rewarded prolonged scrutinity from serious physicists." Heilbron "Electricity in the 17 & 18 Centuries" p. 260.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1734 P - Ronalds Library p. 145. - Not in Wheeler Gift Cat. </em> unknown
183244146Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1832. Contemp. hcalf. raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Band 25. Entire volume offered. VIII648 pp. and 6 folded engraved plates. Small stamps on verso of titlepage and plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 91-142 a. pp. 142-186. with 3 folded engraved plates. Clean and fine. <br/><br/><em>First German editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity constituting the first 2 papers of his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity Faraday here finds the opposite effect generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator second paper. THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS."Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force.by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless whether the magnet was within the coil or not there was no current.Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction.It was to lead to great things but this was not apparent."Asimov."Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power teælephony wireless telegraphy televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source and vice versa." PMM 308.Horblit 29 - Milestones 62. - Dibner 64. - PMM 308.The volume contains further notable papers. Elie de Beaumont "Zweiter geologischer Brief.an A.v. Humboldt über die relative Alter der Gebirgszüge" pp. 1-58 a. 2 plates one handcoloured papers by Döbereiner E. Lenz Moser Mitscherlich de Saussure J. Dumas F.E. Neumann Gay-Lussac Johannes Müller "Beobachtungen zur Analyse der Lymphe des Bluts und des Chylus" pp. 513-590. </em> hardcover
183244145Paris Crochard 1832. Contemp. hcalf. gilt spine light wear along edges. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." tome 50 Series 2. Entire volume offered. 448 pp. 2 folded engraved plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 5-67 a. pp. 113-162. <br/><br/><em>First French editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity constituting the first 2 papers of his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity Faraday here finds the opposite effect generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator second paper. THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS."Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force.by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless whether the magnet was within the coil or not there was no current.Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction.It was to lead to great things but this was not apparent."Asimov."Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power teælephony wireless telegraphy televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source and vice versa." PMM 308.Horblit 29 - Milestones 62. - Dibner 64. - PMM 308. </em> unknown
175042895Petropoli St. Petersbourg 1750. 4to. Uncut without wrappers. Extracted from "Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae" Tom. I. ad Annum 1747 et 1748. Pp. 245-266 a. 1 engraved plate ad. p. 251. Clean and fine. <br/><br/><em>First appearance of a groundbreaking paper in chemistry in which Lomonosov describes his discovery of the transition of a metal into passive state and this is the first scientific description of this phenomena. He observed and described fast termination of the dissolution of iron in concentrated nitric acid and attributed this to a change in the solvent properties."Lomonosov employed corpuscular mechanics in chemical explanations more extensively than Boyle had done. Treating chemical compounds as particles in adhesion he held that "adhesion is eliminated and renewed by means of motion.since no change in a body can take place withouy motion". He attempted to apply these theories to chemical phenomena - although he was limited to speculation- in papers on the action of chemical solvents in general."DSB VIII p. 469."Lomonosov was founder of Russian science and he would be universally recognized as a great pioneer of science had he been born a West European. He was famous also for his literary works including poems and dramas. In 1755 he wrote a Russian Grammar that reformed the language and in the same year he helped found the University of Moscow. In 1760 he published the first history of Russia."Isaac Asimov. </em> unknown
187042423London Taylor and Sons 1870. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1869 Vol. 159 - Part I. Pp. 425-444 and 2 lithographed plates 1 with the spectrum of helium 1 with his spectroscope not requiring eclipses to function. Clean and fine. <br/><br/><em>First appearance of this milestone paper in chemistry physics and astronomy announcing the discovery of helium in the sun and naming it 'helium' for Helios the Greek God of the Sun. In the same paper he demonstrates his invention of the spectroscope by which the prominences of the sun could be observed and studied without an eclipse by leading the light from the very edge of the sun through a prism. - Helium was not discovered on the earth before 1895 by William Ramsay and it was Crookes who established its identity with the helium Lockyer observed in the spectrum of the sun."This the last discovery was announced on the same day by the French astronomer Janssen who was in India observing a total eclipse. As a result the French government some ten years later struck a medallion showing the heads of both scientists.By that time the two men had made a much more dramatic discovery at the same time this time in cooperation. Janssen studying the spectrum ofthe sun during the eclipse had noted a fine line he did not recognize. he send a report on this to Lockyer an acknowledges expert on solar spectra. Lockyer compared the reported position of the line with lines of known elements concluding that it must belong to a yeat unknown element possibly not even existing on the earth. He named the element from the Greek word for the sun."Asimov. </em> unknown
189646854Paris Gauthier-Villars 1896. 4to. Near contemp. full cloth. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Bookmark "The Chemists Club" in gold on lower part of spine. Light wear along edges. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 122 Entire volume offered.1633 pp. The papers: 420-421 pp. 501-502 pp. 559-564 pp. 689-694 pp. 762-767 and pp. 1086-1088. <br/><br/><em>First appearance of the six landmark papers in which Becquerel documents his discovery of Radio-activity PROMPTING THE NUCLEAR AGE.Becquerel was an expert in fluorescence and phosphorescence continuing the work of his father and grandfather. Follwing the discovery of X-rays by Röntgen Bexquerel investigated fluorescent materials to see if they also emitted X-rays. He exposed a fluorescent uranium salt pechblende to light and then placed it on a wrapped photographic plate.He found that a faint image was left on the plate which he believed was due to the pichblende emitting the light it had absorbed as a more penetrating radiation. However by chace he left a sample that had not been exposed to light on top of a photographic plate in a drawer. he noticed that the photographic plate also had a a faint image of the pechblende. After several chemical tests he concluded that these "Becquerel rays" were a property of atoms. He had by chace discovered radio-activity and prompted thee beginning of the nuclear age. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 with Marie and Pierre Curie. The "Becquerel Rays" were later discovered to be a composite of three forms of emanation distinguished by Rutherford as alpha beta and gamma rays.Dibner: 163 the later Mémoire from 1903 - PMM: 393 1903- Mémoire - Garrison & Morton: 2001 only the first paper. - Magie "A Sourve Book in Physics" p. 610 ff. - Norman:157. </em> hardcover
180842218London W. Bulmer and Co. 1808. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1808 - Part I. Pp. 1-44. <br/><br/><em>First printing of this importent historical paper in chemistry in which Davy shows that electricity is capable of decomposing some alkalies isolating two new substances and discovering potassium and sodium. Neville in his Historical Chemical Library vol. I p.340 writes about this paper "ONE OF THE GREAT CLASSIC RESEARCHES IN CHEMISTRY in which Davy announced in this his second Bakterian lecture the isloation of metallic potassium and sodium by the electrolytic decomposition of their fused oxides.""He Davy began his own electrical experiments.The results were spectacular. On October 6 1807 the current passing through molten potash liberated a metal which Davy called potassium. The little globules of shining metal tore the water molecule apart as it eagerly recombined with oxygen and the liberated hydrogen burst into lavender flame. Davy danced about in a delirium of joy. A week later he isolated sodium from soda."Asimow. The paper offered here describes these discoveries."Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lecture to the Royal Society on November 20 1806.A Source Book in Chemistry p. 243. - Wheeler Gift: 2514. </em> unknown
180845884London W. Bulmer and Co. 1808. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1808 - Part I. Pp. 1-44. Clean and fine wide-margined. <br/><br/><em>First printing of this importent historical paper in chemistry in which Davy shows that electricity is capable of decomposing some alkalies isolating two new substances and discovering potassium and sodium. Neville in his Historical Chemical Library vol. I p.340 writes about this paper "ONE OF THE GREAT CLASSIC RESEARCHES IN CHEMISTRY in which Davy announced in this his second Bakterian lecture the isloation of metallic potassium and sodium by the electrolytic decomposition of their fused oxides.""He Davy began his own electrical experiments.The results were spectacular. On October 6 1807 the current passing through molten potash liberated a metal which Davy called potassium. The little globules of shining metal tore the water molecule apart as it eagerly recombined with oxygen and the liberated hydrogen burst into lavender flame. Davy danced about in a delirium of joy. A week later he isolated sodium from soda."Asimow. The paper offered here describes these discoveries."Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lecture to the Royal Society on November 20 1806.A Source Book in Chemistry p. 243. - Wheeler Gift: 2514. </em> unknown
183248987Paris Crochard 1832. Contemp. hcloth gilt lettering to spine. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." tome 50 Series 2. Entire volume offered. 448 pp. 2 folded engraved plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 5-67 a. pp. 113-162. Some scattered brownspots. <br/><br/><em>First French editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity constituting the first 2 papers of his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity Faraday here finds the opposite effect generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator second paper. THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS."Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force.by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless whether the magnet was within the coil or not there was no current.Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction.It was to lead to great things but this was not apparent."Asimov."Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power teælephony wireless telegraphy televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source and vice versa." PMM 308.Horblit 29 - Milestones 62. - Dibner 64. - PMM 308.The volume contains further notable papers. Elie de Beaumont "Zweiter geologischer Brief.an A.v. Humboldt über die relative Alter der Gebirgszüge" pp. 1-58 a. 2 plates one handcoloured papers by Döbereiner E. Lenz Moser Mitscherlich de Saussure J. Dumas F.E. Neumann Gay-Lussac Johannes Müller "Beobachtungen zur Analyse der Lymphe des Bluts und des Chylus" pp. 513-590. </em> hardcover
189549207London Harrison and Sons 1895. 4to. Orig. full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. Blindtooled covers. First corner a bit bumped. In "Philosophical Transactions" Vol. 186 - I Series A. XIV26024 pp. Entire volume offered. The paper: p. 187-241 a. 8 textillustrations apparatus. The title-page with faint brownspots. Otherwise internally clean and fine. <br/><br/><em>First printing of this importent paper in the history of chemistry Lord Rayleigh's most famous discovery announcing the discovery of this new gas the first finding of one of the rare gases inert gases having unusual properties and forming a distinct group in the periodic table and all with zero valency."The original paper in the "Philosophical Transactions" will undoubtly rank as a classic the investigation having been a particularly brilliant ine." Ernst von Meyer in History of Chemistry. For this discovery Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay received the Nobel Prize 1904. The volume also contains WILLIAM CROOKES "On the Spectra of Argon" OSBORNE REYNOLD "On the Dynamical Theory of Incompressible Viscous Fluids and the determination of the Criterion" KARL PEARSON "Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. - II. Skew Variations in Homogenous Materials" etc.After having made several measuring of the densities of gases "Rayleigh came across a curious puzzle. With oxygen he always obtained the same density regardless of how the oxygen might be produced whether from one particular compound from a second compound or from the air. The situation was different with nitrogen. The nitrogen he obtained from air constantly showed a slightly higher density than the nitrogen he obtained from any of various compounds. Rayleigh could think of several ways in which the nitrogen obtained from air might be contaminated but none of the possibilities checked out experimentally. He was so frustrated that he went so far as to write to the journal "Nature" asking for suggestions. Ramsay a brilliant Scottish chemist asked permission to tackle the problem and received it. The upshot was that a new gas somewhat denser that nitrogen was discovered to exist in the atmosphere. It was named argon and it was the first of a series of rare gases of unusual properties whose existence had never been suspected."Asimow.Dibner Heralds of Science No. 50 - Neville Historical Chemical Library vol. II p.358. </em> hardcover
191441545London 1914. No wrappers but stiched. All three papers contained in: "Philosophical Magazine" Sixth Series Vol. 27. No. 159. March 1914. The whole issue issue offered =no. 159: pp. 397-540 and 2 plates.Rutherford's paper.pp. 488-498. - Darwin's paper: pp. 499-506. - Bohr's paper: pp. 506-523. All clean and fine. <br/><br/><em>First edition and first printing of all three papers. Rutherford in this paper for the first time identifies the hydrogen nucleus and called it the 'positive electron'. He later called it 'the proton' . In his definitive paper of 1911 he estimated the radius of the nucleus a hundred thousand times smaller than that of an atom. Darwin in his paper offered here gave a more precise measure.In the first lines of the paper Rutherford outlines the content "The present paper and and the accompanying paper by Mr. C. Darwin the second paper offered here deal with certain points in connection with the "nucleus" theory of the atom which were purposely omitted in my first communication on that subject Phil. Mag. May 1911. A brief account is given of the later investigations which have been made to test the theory and of the deductions which can be drawn from them. At the same time a brief statement is given of recent observations on the passage of alpha particles through hydrogen which throw importent light on the dimensions of the nucleus." - Rutherford had studies alpha-particles intensely in the years before 1914 and proved quite conclusively that the individual particle was a helium atom with its electrons removed. The alpha particles were like the positive rays that had been discovered by Goldstein 1886 and now in 1914 the paper offered Rutherford suggested that the simplest positive rays must be those obtained from the hydrogen and that these must be the fundamentall positively-charged particle. He names it a 'positive electron'.Darwin in the paper offered "concluded from the known data:"No force proportional to some power of the distance other than the inverse square can give the dependence the Rutherford scattering cross section on the initial velocity" and he then calculated the distance of closest alpha-particle-nucleus approach.The paper by Niels Bohr relates to "The Stark effect". In 1913 appeared "an importent new discovery: when atomic hydrogen is exposed to a static electrical field its spectral lines split the amount of splitting being proportional to thefield strenght the linear Stark effect. After Rutherford read this news in "Nature" he at once wrote to Bohr:'I think it is rather up to you at the present time to write something on.electric effects.'" A. Pais. Bohrs paper on The Stark effect appeared in 1914 the paper offered here. - Rosenfeld. Niels Bohr' publications No. 10. </em> unknown
