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HENRY, JOSEPH - THE DISCOVERY OF SELF-INDUCTIONBiblio.com

On the Influence of a Spiral Conductor in increasing the Intensity of Electricity from a Galvanic Arrangement of a Single Pair &c.

183747418London Richard and John E. Taylor 1837. No wrappers. Extracted fron "Scientific Memoirs selected from The Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science and Learned Societies. Edited by Richard Taylor." Vol. I. Pp. 540-547. Henry's milestone paper announcing his discovery of electrical self-induction. "Henry independently discovered electro-magnetic induction and in this paper announced his discovery of electric self-induction one of the prime properies of an electro-magnetic circuit. Henry was an eminent experimenter but was casual in publishing his findings with resulting lack of recognition of his contributions."Bern Dibner.Dibner "Heralds of Sciece" No.63.It was also printed the same year in "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series Vol. 5". The paper was later printed in "Philosophical Magazine" 1840."The direction of Henryâ€™s thought became somewhat apparent in his 1835 paper refers to the papers reading before the American Phil. Soc. febr. 6th 1835 on the action of a spiral conductor in increasing the intensity of galvanic currents. The paper started out as an affirmation of Henryâ€™s priority in the discovery of self-induction. He then combined induction proper using Faradayâ€™s findings and his own with selfinduction to show how these produce a pattern of repulsions yielding an increased effect in spirals. He specifically linked these â€œmagneto-electricalâ€ results to the principles of static induction developed by Cavendish and Poisson. This explanation was then applied to Savaryâ€™s report of changes of polarity when magnetic needles were placed at varying distances from a wire in which a current was being transmitted "MÃ©moire sur lâ€™aimantation" in Annales de chimie et de physique 34 1827. That is currents appeared periodically in the air surrounding a current-bearing straight wire as a result of the actions of induction and self-induction." DSB.Wheeler Gift: 2724-2725a. unknown

PELLETIER, PIERRE et JOSEPH CAVENTOU - THE DISCOVERY OF STRYCHNINEBiblio.com

Note sur un nouvel Alcali Lu à l'Academie des Sciences le 10 août 1818. Mémoire Sur un nouvel Alcali végétal la Strychine trouvé dans la fève de Saint-Ignace la noix vomique etc. Lu à l'Academie des Sciences le 14 décembre 1818.

181843871Paris Crochard 18181819. No wrappers. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." tome 8 Cahier 3 a. 10 Cahier 2 pp. 225-336 and pp. 129-240. Entire issues offered. Pelletier & Caventou's papers: pp. 323-324 tome 8 and pp. 142-176 tome 10. A few scattered brownspots. First printing of these classic papers in chemistry in which the authors announced their discovery of Strychnine. This was the first alkali of vegetable origin to be discovered after morphine. This discovery and their discovery of chlorophyll brought them international fame. The first small paper contains the announcement of the discovery and the second long memoir contains the elaborate exposition of the discovery."Strychnine was only the second alkaloid to be extracted the first was morphine. Pelletier and Caventou wanted to name their new alkaloid vauqueline after Nicolas Vauquelin one of their associates who had refined the technique of ether extraction for use in isolating alkaloids. However the officers of the Académe des Sciences in Paris rejected the idea on the grounds that a respected scientist’s name should not be paired with a deadly poison. In addition to strychnine the pair isolated other important compounds from plants including caffeine chlorophyll and the anti-malaria drug quinine. Paul L. Burnham.Parkinson:"Breakthroughs" 1818 C. - Garrison & Morton: 1846.The first issue also contains their importent memoir "Examen chimique de la Cochenillee et de sa matière colorante" pp. 250-287 which describes how they obtained crotonic acid from croton oil and analyzed carmine in the cochineal. unknown

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RITTER, (JOHANN W). - THE DISCOVERY OF "CHEMICAL RAYS" - ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND RADIATIONBiblio.com

Announcing his discovery of ultraviolet light "Von den Herren Ritter und Bückmann. - - Am 22sten Febr. habe ich auch auf der Seite des Violetts im Farbespectrum ausserhalb desselben Sonnenstrahlen angetroffen.

180143492Halle Rengerschen Buchhandlung 1801. Without wrappers as published in "Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 7 Viertes Stück. The entire issue offered =Heft 4. Pp. 387-528. Ritter's announcement p. 525. With titlepage to volume 7. Clean and fine. Titlepage a bit shavedin inner margin. First printing of Ritter's announcement of his discovery of ultraviolet light in a halfpage letter addressed to Gilbert's Annalen. With that discovery it became clear that visible light represents no more than a fraction of a continous spectrum.A year earlier in 1800 William Herschel discovered infrared light. This was the first time that a form of light beyond visible light had been detected. After hearing about Herschel's discovery of an invisible form of light beyond the red portion of the spectrum Ritter decided to conduct experiments to determine if invisible light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum as well. He had heard that blue light caused a greater reaction in silver chloride than red light did. Ritter decided to measure the rate at which silver chloride reacted to the different colors of light. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum. He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum and found that it showed little change in the red part of the spectrum but darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond the violet end of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his amazement this region showed the most intense reaction of all. This showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. This new type of light which Ritter called Chemical Rays later became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation the word ultra means beyond. - Parkinson Breakthroughs: 1801 P. unknown

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RAOULT, F-M (FRANCOIS MARIE). - DISCOVERY OF RAOULT'S LAWSBiblio.com

Loi générale de congélation des dissolvants Mémoire de. Extrait par l'auteur. Loi générale des tensions de vapeur des dissolvants. 2 Papers.

188247024Paris Gauthier-Villars 1882. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 95 No 22 a. Tome 104 No 21 entire issues offered. Pp. 1017-1076 and pp. 1387-1462. Raoult's papers: pp. 1030-33 tome 95 and pp. 1430-1433 tome 104. First appearance of Raoult's two importent papers in which described a method for finding the molecular weight of an organic compound by the determination of the lowering of the freezing point of water that resulted from dissolving that compound in water and the law governing the relation between solutes and vapor pressure."Then in 1882 F.-M. Raoult published his results on the effects of nondissociating organic solutes from which he deduced a general law controlling the lowering of freezing points the first paper offered. Four years later he extended this work to show the effect of solutes on vapor pressure the second paper offered. Having established the effect of nondissociating compounds he was in position to show that salts produced an eeffect which though anomalous could nevertheless be explained by the supposition that a dissolved molecule broke up into other molecules. This work was of great value in supplying a new method for determining molecular weights since the depression of freezing point and vapor pressure as well a the related rise in boiling point later discovered are proportional to the moleculat concentrations ofthe solutions; it was of equal value in supporting the ideas of van't Hoff on osmotic pressure. With the announcement of the dissociation theory of Arrhenius the anomalies were explained and the full significance of the generalizations of Raoult was recognized. Raoult published the formulations of his laws in the "Comptes Rendus" for 1882 and 1887 the papers offered" Leicester a. Klickstein "A Source Book in Chemistry" pp. 471 ff. unknown

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BERNARD, CLAUDE - THE DISCOVERY AND ISOLATION OF GLYCOGENEBiblio.com

Sur le mécanisme de la formation du sucre dans le foie. Suite Sur le mécanisme. Remarques sur la formation de la matière glycogène du foie. 3 Papers.

185547110Paris Mallet-Bachelier 1855 a. 1857. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 41 No 13 and Tome 44 No 12 a. No. 26. Pp. 461-500 pp. 578-640 a. pp. 1293-1363 3 entire issues offered. Bernard's papers: pp. 461-469 pp. 578-586 a. pp. 1325-1331. Some scattered brownspots to the first paper. First printing of these two milestone-papers in physiology in which Bernard discovers and isolates glycogen from the liver shows that it is converted into blood glucose and discovers the process of gluconeogenesis. He further creates the concepts "experimental determination" and "local interieur"Bernard undertook the task of tracing out the various transformations of food stuffs within the animal organism beginning with the carbohydrates; and he not only found contrary to the accepted view that sugar was formed in the liver but he was also able to isolate a substance from the hepatic tissue which though not sugar was converted by fermentation into dextrose. He made a special study of its properties and called it "glycogen"."The culmination of Bernard's work on the glycogenic function of the liver. He invented the term "internal secretion" and can be said to have started the scientific investigation of the internal secretions although for 30 years the significance of his work was not generally realized. By his research on glycogene Bernard showed that the body not only can break down but can also build up complex chemical substances."Garrison & Morton .Claude Bernard 1813-78 was a key figure in French nineteenth-century science and one of the world's great physiologists. With good reason he has been called the ‘father of experimental medicine’.Garrison & Morton No. 1000 a. 999.1 unknown

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COURTOIS, BERNARD ET AL - THE DISCOVERY OF IODINEBiblio.com

Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck. Annoncée par M. Clément. - Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance découverte par M. Courtois. - Note Sur la combinaison de l'iode avec l'oxigène; Par M. Gay-Lussac. - Lettre de M. Humphry .

181343081Paris J. Klostermann 1813. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. A few scratches to binding. In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie" Tome 88. - 336 pp. the entire volume offered. Pp. 304-310 311-318 319-321 a. 322-329. Scattered brownspots. First printing of this paper announcing the discovery of Iodine. Courtois found this substance which he suspected to be a new element while burning algae in order to obtain sodium and potassium compounds. Although Courtois discovered the element in 1811 the announcement of it was not made until two years later after he had turned it over to Charles Desormés and Nicolas Clément."The first publication on iodine are somewhat confusing. Courtois's research is found in a paper attributed to him the paper offered but actually the work of Clément. was followed by an anonymous article the second paper offered. Gay-Lussac. who repeated and extended Courtios's work was responsible for this paper. Courtois himself published nothing. These two articles were immediately followed by short contributions of Gay-Lussac and Humphry Davy on the new element third and fourth paper offered. Gay-Lussacs views none too flattering to Davy on the history ofthe discovery of iodine appeared in his "Mémoire sur l'iode" 1814."DSB III p. 455. - Weeks "Discovery of the Elements" pp. 257-262.The volume contains further importent papers in chemistry Guyton de Morveau "Sur la chaux maigre" "Sur le dissolvant des pierres biliaires" an importent paper by Chevreul on animal fats "Recherches chimiques sur plusieurs corps gras et particulierement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis" Berzelius's papers "Mémoires sur la compositions des fluides animaux" first edition in French Suite first edition Parmentier etc. etc. unknown

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CURIE, JACQUES et PIERRE - THE DISCOVERY OF PIEZOELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Développement par pression de l'èlectricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées. Note de MM. Jacques et Pierre Curie présentée par M. Friedel.

188047008Paris Gauthier-Villars 1880. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 91 No 5 entire issue offered. Pp. 251-310. The Curie's paper: pp. 294-295. First apperance of the paper in which the two brothers announced their discovery of the Piezoelectric Effect as they observed how an electric potential appeared across crystals of quartza and of Rochelle salt when pressure was applied to them. The potential varied directly with the pressure and they named the phenomenon Piezoelectricity meaning "to press" Greek. Crystals with piezoelectric properties form an essential portion of sound-electronics devices such as microphones and record-players."The applications of piezoelectric crystals are innumerable; one of the most important is their use in frequency stabilization of oscillating electromagnetic cirasciots for radio broadcasting stations. They are used in most piezometers for measuring with great precision either very strong pressure variations such as those of a cannon at the moment of firing or very weak ones such as artery pulsations. These applications have led to the creation of a new industry the manufacture of large "mono" such as quartz obtained hydrothermally around 500°C. under high water pressures or crystals such as Rochelle salt obtained from aqueous solutions. These two substances were mentioned in the Curie brothers’ report announcing the discovery of piezoelectricity." DSB."The first experimental demonstration of a connection between macroscopic piezoelectric phenomena and crystallographic structure was published in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie. Their experiment consisted of a conclusive measurement of surface charges appearing on specially prepared crystals tourmaline quartz topaz cane sugar and Rochelle salt among them which were subjected to mechanical stress. These results were a credit to the Curies' imagination and perseverance considering that they were obtained with nothing more than tinfoil glue wire magnets and a jeweler's saw." Piezo Systems Inc.Magee "A Source Book in Physics" p. 547 ff. unknown

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DAVY, HUMPHRY - THE DISCOVERY OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM (FRENCH VERSION).Biblio.com

Recherches ëlectrochimiques sur la décomposition des terres avec des observations sur les métaux obtenus des terres alcalines et sur un amalgame produit avec l'ammoniaque. Tireeis des Transactions philosophiques et traduites par M. C.A. Prieur. .

180950198Paris Mad. Ve Barnard 1809. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. Wear to top of spine. A few scratches to binding. Small stamps on verso of titlepage.In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie" Tome 70. 336 pp. Entire volume offered. Davy's paper: pp. 189-254. First edition in French the first English 1808 of this importent historical paper in chemistry in which Davy shows that electricity is capable of decomposing some alkalies isolating two new substances and discovering potassium and sodium. Neville in his Historical Chemical Library vol. I p.340 writes about this paper "ONE OF THE GREAT CLASSIC RESEARCHES IN CHEMISTRY in which Davy announced in this his second Bakterian lecture the isloation of metallic potassium and sodium by the electrolytic decomposition of their fused oxides.""He Davy began his own electrical experiments.The results were spectacular. On October 6 1807 the current passing through molten potash liberated a metal which Davy called potassium. The little globules of shining metal tore the water molecule apart as it eagerly recombined with oxygen and the liberated hydrogen burst into lavender flame. Davy danced about in a delirium of joy. A week later he isolated sodium from soda."Asimow. The paper offered here describes these discoveries."Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lecture to the Royal Society on November 20 1806. A Source Book in Chemistry p. 243. unknown

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DAVY, HUMPHRY - THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN TELLURIDEBiblio.com

The Bakerian Lecture for 1809. On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earth and on some Combinations of Hydrogene. Read November 16 1809.

181042219London W. Bulmer and Co. 1810. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1810 - Part I. Pp. 16-74 and 2 engraved plates showing Davy's electrochemical apparatus for decomposing substances. The plates dampstained. Text fine and clean. First appearence of this historical chemical paper Davy' fifth Bakerian Lecture in which he announced his discovery of hydrogen telluride."Mr. Davy having from the commencement of his electro-chemical researches communicated the several steps of his progress to the Society The Royal Society takes the present opportunity of reporting the results of his further inquiries under four principal heads. First on the nature of the metals of the fixed alkalis. Second on the nature of Hydrogen and composition of ammonia. Thirdly on the metals of the earth; and Fourthly he makes a comparison between the antiphlogistic doctrine and a modified phlogistic hypothesis."Abstract. He further gives arguments for considering potassium and sodium which he discovered in 1808 as a element."Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures." - Wheeler Gift: 2518. unknown

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DAVY, HUMPHRY - THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN TELLURIDEBiblio.com

The Bakerian Lecture for 1809. On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earth and on some Combinations of Hydrogene. Read November 16 1809.

181045887London W. Bulmer and Co. 1810. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1810 - Part I. Pp. 16-74 and 2 engraved plates showing Davy's electrochemical apparatus for decomposing substances Davy's versions of the Voltaic-pile. Plates a bit brownspotted otherwise clean and fine wide-margined. First appearence of this historical chemical paper Davy' fifth Bakerian Lecture in which he announced his discovery of hydrogen telluride."Mr. Davy having from the commencement of his electro-chemical researches communicated the several steps of his progress to the Society The Royal Society takes the present opportunity of reporting the results of his further inquiries under four principal heads. First on the nature of the metals of the fixed alkalis. Second on the nature of Hydrogen and composition of ammonia. Thirdly on the metals of the earth; and Fourthly he makes a comparison between the antiphlogistic doctrine and a modified phlogistic hypothesis."Abstract. He further gives arguments for considering potassium and sodium which he discovered in 1808 as a element."Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures." - Wheeler Gift: 2518.Also with William Hyde Wollaston "The Croonian Lecture. Read November 16 1809.On Muscular Action - On Sea-Sickness - On the salutary Effects of Riding and other Modes of Gestation. Pp. 1-15. unknown

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LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN, PAUL EMILE - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT GALLIUMBiblio.com

Caractéres chimique et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau métal le Gallium découvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte vallée d'Argelès Pyrénées. Séance du Lundi 20 Septembre 1875. Sur quelques propriétés dy gallium. Séance du Lundi 6.

187547271Paris Gauthier-Villars 1875. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 81 No 12 and No 23. Pp. 485- 508 a. 1065- 1148. 2 entire issues offered. Boisbaudran's papers: pp. 493-495 a. pp. 1100-1105. First printing of the paper in which Boisbaudran announced his discovery of Gallium together with the first printing of the paper in which he by a series of experiments proved that Gallium the metal that he had discovered amd named in honour of France is a true element. A larger paper on the discovery was published in 1877 in "Annales de Chimie et Physique". In 1879 Bausbaudran was awarded the Davy Medal for his discovery of Gallium. "In 1875 Boisbaudran spectroscopically discovered a new element gallium which he found in zinc blende from a mine in Hautes-Pyrénées. Continuing his work in Wurtz’s laboratory in Paris he was a able to obtain the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in potassium hydroxide. Gallium Boisbaudran realized was the "eka-aluminum" predicted by Mendeleev and was the first of Mendeleev’s predicted elements to be isolated. Boisbaudran’s finding thus provided valuable evidence for the validity of Mendeleev’s periodic classification of the elements."DSB."Lecoq de Boisbaudran announced his discovery by spectroscopic analysis of the new element gallium. Mendeleev had first predicted its existence and had named it eka-aluminium. The discovery was made in the author's private laboratory in a specimen of zinc blende from the Pierrefitte mine in the Angelès Valley in the Hautes Pyrénées. He describes how on the evening of 27 August 1875 he detected the existence of this new element which he named "gallium" in honor of France Gallia. A month later he "performed in Wurtz's laboratory in Paris.a series of experiments to prove that gallium.is a true element"Weeks. he discusses how he eventually isloated small amounts of pure metallic gallium and determined its physical and chemical properties. The paper the paper offered first describes gallium compounds e.g. ammonium gallium alum chloride oxide and sulphate."Roy G. Neville II p. 29. unknown

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PASTEUR, LOUIS - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF "MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY"Biblio.com

Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire; Extrait. Séance du Lundi 22 Mai 1848.

184849456Paris Bachelier 1848. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 26 No 21. Pp. 529- 548. Entire issue offered. Pasteur's paper: pp. 535-538. Clean and fine. First appearance of the announcement of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of "molecular assymetry" and founding the science of Polarimetry.The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages in order to establish priority the paper offered. A more full exposition was published the same year in "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXIV."In 1848.Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise now-counterclockwise effect under the microscope and found that the xcrystasls were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resemmbled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove.This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work.Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance to follow various chemical reactions and so on."Asimov. Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 374-379. unknown

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PASTEUR, LOUIS - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF "MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY"Biblio.com

Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire; Extrait. Séance du Lundi 22 Mai 1848.

184847149Paris Bachelier 1848. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 26 No 21. Pp. 529- 548. Entire issue offered. Pasteur's paper: pp. 535-538. First appearance of the announcement of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of "molecular assymetry" and founding the science of Polarimetry.The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages in order to establish priority the paper offered. A more full exposition was published the same year in "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXIV."In 1848.Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise now-counterclockwise effect under the microscope and found that the xcrystasls were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resemmbled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove.This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work.Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance to follow various chemical reactions and so on."Asimov. Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 374-379. unknown

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