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The Living Earth California Teacher Edition

RUTHERFORD, ERNEST - NIELS BOHR - CG DARWIN - THE DISCOVERY OF THE 'PROTON'. C GBiblio.com

The Structure of the Atom. Rutherford Darwin: Collision of 'alpha' Particles with Light Atoms. Bohr: On the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Spectral Lines

191441545London 1914. No wrappers but stiched. All three papers contained in: "Philosophical Magazine" Sixth Series Vol. 27. No. 159. March 1914. The whole issue issue offered =no. 159: pp. 397-540 and 2 plates.Rutherford's paper.pp. 488-498. - Darwin's paper: pp. 499-506. - Bohr's paper: pp. 506-523. All clean and fine. First edition and first printing of all three papers. Rutherford in this paper for the first time identifies the hydrogen nucleus and called it the 'positive electron'. He later called it 'the proton' . In his definitive paper of 1911 he estimated the radius of the nucleus a hundred thousand times smaller than that of an atom. Darwin in his paper offered here gave a more precise measure.In the first lines of the paper Rutherford outlines the content "The present paper and and the accompanying paper by Mr. C. Darwin the second paper offered here deal with certain points in connection with the "nucleus" theory of the atom which were purposely omitted in my first communication on that subject Phil. Mag. May 1911. A brief account is given of the later investigations which have been made to test the theory and of the deductions which can be drawn from them. At the same time a brief statement is given of recent observations on the passage of alpha particles through hydrogen which throw importent light on the dimensions of the nucleus." - Rutherford had studies alpha-particles intensely in the years before 1914 and proved quite conclusively that the individual particle was a helium atom with its electrons removed. The alpha particles were like the positive rays that had been discovered by Goldstein 1886 and now in 1914 the paper offered Rutherford suggested that the simplest positive rays must be those obtained from the hydrogen and that these must be the fundamentall positively-charged particle. He names it a 'positive electron'.Darwin in the paper offered "concluded from the known data:"No force proportional to some power of the distance other than the inverse square can give the dependence the Rutherford scattering cross section on the initial velocity" and he then calculated the distance of closest alpha-particle-nucleus approach.The paper by Niels Bohr relates to "The Stark effect". In 1913 appeared "an importent new discovery: when atomic hydrogen is exposed to a static electrical field its spectral lines split the amount of splitting being proportional to thefield strenght the linear Stark effect. After Rutherford read this news in "Nature" he at once wrote to Bohr:'I think it is rather up to you at the present time to write something on.electric effects.'" A. Pais. Bohrs paper on The Stark effect appeared in 1914 the paper offered here. - Rosenfeld. Niels Bohr' publications No. 10. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark8 500,00 DKK≈ 1 141,55 €

POINCARE, HENRI - THE DISCOVERY OF AUTOMORPHIC FUNCTIONSBiblio.com

Theorie des Groupes fuchsiens Mémoire sur les Fonctions fuchsiennes Sur les Fonctions de deux Variables Mémoire sur les groupes kleinéens Sur les groupes des équations linéaires Mémoire sur les fonctions zétafuchsiennes. - THE DISCOVERY OF AUTOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS

188460243Berlin Stockholm Paris F. & G. Beijer 1882-84. Large4to 272 x 230 mm. Three volumes uniformly bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In "Acta Mathematica" volume 1-5. Light wear to extremities boards and spines with scratches. Stamp to verso of front board in all volumes. First three leaves in first volume detached otherwise internally fine and clean. Vol. I pp. 1-62; Pp. 193-294; Vol. II pp. 97-113; Vol. III. pp. 49-92; Vol. IV pp. 201-312; Vol. V pp. 209-278. First publication of these groundbreaking papers which together constitute the discovery of Automorphic Functions. "Before he was thirty years of age Poincaré became world famous with his epoch-making discovery of the "automorphic functions" of one complex variable or as he called them the "fuchsian" and "kleinean" functions." DSB.These manuscripts written between 28 June and 20 December 1880 show in detail how Poincaré exploited a series of insights to arrive at his first major contribution to mathematics: the discovery of the automorphic functions. In particular the manuscripts corroborate Poincaré's introspective account of this discovery 1908 in which the real key to his discovery is given to be the recognition that the transformations he had used to define Fuchsian functions are identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. See Walter Poincaré Jules Henri French mathematician and scientist.The idea was to come in an indirect way from the work of his doctoral thesis on differential equations. His results applied only to restricted classes of functions and Poincaré wanted to generalize these results but as a route towards this he looked for a class functions where solutions did not exist. This led him to functions he named Fuchsian functions after Lazarus Fuchs but were later named automorphic functions. First editions and first publications of these epochmaking papers representing the discovery of "automorphic functions" or as Poincaré himself called them the "Fuchsian" and "Kleinian" functions."By 1884 Poincaré published five major papers on automorphic functions in the first five volumes of the new Acta Mathematica. When the first of these was published in the first volume of the new Acta Mathematica Kronecker warned the editor Mittag-Leffler that this immature and obscure article would kill the journal. Guided by the theory of elliptic functions Poincarë invented a new class of automorphic functions. This class was obtained by considering the inverse function of the ratio of two linear independent solutions of an equation. Thus this entire class of linear diffrential equations is solved by the use of these new transcendental functions of Poincaré." Morris Kline.Poincaré explains how he discovered the Automorphic Functions: "For fifteen days I strove to prove that there could not be any functions like those I have since called Fuchsian functions I was then very ignorant; every day I seated myself at my work table stayed an hour or two tried a great number of combinations and reached no results. One evening contrary to my custom I drank black coffee and could not sleep. Ideas rose in crowds; I felt them collide until pairs interlocked so to speak making a stable combination. By the next morning I had established the existence of a Class of Fuchsian functions those which come from hypergeometric series; i had only to write out the results which took but a few hours.the transformations that I had used to define the Fuchsian functions were identical with those of Non-Euclidean geometry." hardcover

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WOHLER, F und J LIEBIG - THE DISCOVERY OF "EMULSIN" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRYBiblio.com

Ueber die Bildung des Bittermandelöls. Vorschlag zur Einführung eines neuen Arzneimittels anstatt des destillirten Kirschlorbeer- und Bittermandelswassers. Ueber Marcet's Xanthic-Oxyd. 3 papers all by Wöhler u. Liebig.

183743739Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1837. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 41 Zweites Stück. Entire issue No 6 offered. Titlepage to vol. 41. Pp. 225-448 a. 2 folded engraved plates. Wöhler & Liebig's papers: pp. 345-366 pp. 366-374 a. pp. 393-397. Clean and fine. First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which Wöhler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion the first example of a glycoside."The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler "are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science.The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry."Berzelius-Wöhler Briefwechsel."During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids he also carried out two importent investigations with Wöhler. In october 1836 Wöhler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar.Wöhler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and Wöhler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance "emulsion". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast."DSB VIII p. 342. unknown

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CURIE, IRENE et MF JOLIOT - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY - NOBEL PRIZE PAPER OF 1935 M FBiblio.com

Un nouveau type de radioactivité. Séance du 15 Janvier 1934.

193447071Paris Gauthier-Villars 1934. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 198 No 3. Titlepage to vol. 198. Pp. 213- 292. Entire issue offered. The joint paper: pp. 254-256 a. 1 photographic illustration in the text. Titlepage with a stamp on verso 2 small tears and a tiny bit of upper right corner gone. Titlepage a bit browned. First appearance of this seminal paper in which artificial radioactivity was announced for the first time. Curie and Joliot were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"."Until this date 1934 atomic nuclei emitting radiation were found in nature: it was called the natural radioactivity. It had been known since Rutherford that this natural radioactivity changed a nucleus into an other one: for instance radium becomes finally lead after many radioactive decays. We could say that lead does not become gold but gold becomes lead! But. this change of matter was not under control. It was not possible to construct the desired chemical element as the alchemist dreamed. But Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie made the dream become almost reality.""Another very important development in the early 1934 by the Joliot-Curies in connection with irradiation of aluminum by alpha particles. The two French scientists detected the production of the recently discovered positrons. . However they soon realized that the positron activity continued after the alpha source was removed and that they had in fact discovered positive beta radioactivity. The importance of the discovery of artificial radioactivity was immediately recognized and resulted in a Nobel Prize in chemistry to the Joliot-Curies in 1935. The new phenomenon immediately became widely employed in nuclear physics chemistry biology and medicine." Kragh Quantum Generations p. 187"These elegant experiments which provided the first chemical proof of induced transmutations and showed the possibility of artificially creating radioisotopes of known stable elements were repeated and extended in the major nuclear physics laboratories of various countries " DSB.Born on 12 September 1897 in Paris Irène Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. "During World War I she worked as a nurse helping her mother operate radiography equipment and then studied physics and mathematics at the Sorbonne gaining a doctorate for studying the range of alpha particles. She then went to work for her mother at the Radium Institute. There she met Frédéric Joliot whom she married in 1926. Frédéric Joliot was born on 19 March 1900 in Paris - He joined the Radium Institute in 1925 and obtained his PhD in 1930. Together the Joliot-Curies worked on radioactivity and the transmutation of the elements. Twice they just missed major discoveries: in 1932 when Chadwick beat them to the neutron and in 1933 when Anderson discovered the positron. However in 1934 whilst bombarding light elements with alpha particles the Joliot-Curies noticed that although proton production stopped when the alpha particle bombardment stopped another form of radiation continued. The alpha particles had produced an isotope of phosphorus not found in nature. This isotope was radioactive and was decaying through beta-decay" DSB. unknown

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark7 500,00 DKK≈ 1 007,25 €