Einstein

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Albert Einstein; translated, edited and introduction by Leon SimonBiblio.com

Einstein, AlbertBiblio.com

Über die Entwickelung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung 20: pp.482-500.

1909524241909. Verh. Dtsch. Physik. Ges. 11/ 1-24. - Hrsg. im Auftrage der Gesellschaft von Karl Scheel. - Braunschweig Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn 1909 8° VII 749 pp. Abbildungen Halbleinenband d.Zt.; St.a.Tit.; feines Expl. First Edition! The true first printing see below of this paper which Wolfgang Pauli said "can be considered as one of the landmarks in the development of theoretical physics" Schilpp p. 154. This paper marks the introduction of the modern "photon" concept although the term itself was introduced much later in a 1926 paper by Gilbert N. Lewis. It contains "the first well-conceived promulgation of the wave-particle duality of light which had implications as profound as Einstein's earlier theoretical breakthroughs" Isaacson p.157. Einstein here anticipated the principle of complementarity one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. His own proposal for a solution of the wave-particle paradox - that Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields be modified to allow wave solutions that are bound to singularities of the field - was never developed although it may have influenced Louis de Broglie's pilot wave hypothesis for quantum mechanics developed in his famous thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta 1924. The present paper was also published in Physikalische Zeitschrift Vol. 10 1909 but the Verhandlungen printing has priority: it was published on 30 October 1909 the Physikalische Zeitschrift printing appeared on 10 November. "This extensive paper given as lecture before the 81st assembly of the "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher" in Salzburg on 21st September 1909. He spoke on "The Development of Our View of the Nature and Constitution of Radiation" a topic that embraced both relativity and quanta. Among those who attended Einstein's lecture were some of the world's foremost physicists. In Einstein's austere opinion his address regarded strictly as a work of science was of little importance since as he writes to a co-worker it contained nothing new. Einstein was being overmodest. Besides to many in Einstein's audience and it should be born in mind that it was the year after Minkowski's stirring introduction of the concept of the fourth dimension this Lecture came as a revelation. The occasion was important for Einstein too. He had been working for years in a sort of scientific exile and his curiosity as to what great scientists were like in face-to-face discussion was at least as great as their curiosity about him. His confidence in himself was certainly not harmed when he found that he was able to hold his own easily in their company. Moreover at this congress Einstein first met Planck. In addition he made new'lasting friendships leading to a voluminous scientific correspondence. Amongst those attending the congress were Max von Laue Max Born. Arnold Sommerfeld Hasnohrl. Ladenburg. Max von Laue was to be the first to publish in 1911 the first text-book on relativity theory. All of them are present in this issue with scientific papers of their own." Walter Alicke 11. Jahrg. 30. Oktober 1909 Nr. 20 - Vorgetragen in der Sitzung der physiklaischen abteilung der 81. Versalung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte zu Salzburg am 21. September 1909." Weil No. 30; Schilpp-Shields No. 30; Hoffmann Einstein p. 93. unknown

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Einstein, AlbertBiblio.com

Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption AND Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie in Annalen der Physik Vol. 20 1906 pp. 199-206; pp. 627-633

1906292Leipzig: Barth 1906. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION FIRST ISSUE of two important 1906 Einstein papers. Einstein wrote two papers on the photoelectric effect his revolutionary 1905 paper and "Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption" his continuation of it. In them Einstein employed Planck's theory that luminous energy can be absorbed or emitted only in discrete amounts called quanta and proposed a theory of light quanta involving particles with no mass photons whose energy depended on frequency. All of Einstein's experimental results confirmed that light actually consisted of discrete energy packets. "Based on this theory Einstein wrote an equation describing how the photoelectric effect works. The energy of individual electrons emitted by a photocell is a function of the frequency of the light hitting the photocell and the rate of electron emission is a function of the light source's intensity number of photons with sufficient energy being emitted. This is contrary to what is predicted by classical physics" History of Physics: The Wenner Collection. In this Einstein's second paper on photoelectrics he revisited Planck's theory and from it developed his ideas to show that an electromagnetic wave such as light could be described as a particle photon with discrete quanta of energy that was dependent on its frequency. In the long history of quantum mechanics this would lead to a theory of unity between subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves called wave-particle duality in which particles and waves were neither one nor the other but had certain properties of both. At first Einstein believed that light-quantum hypothesis was merely 'heuristic': that it behaved only as if it consisted of discontinuous quanta. But in this paper and others to follow Einstein used his statistical mechanics to demonstrate that when light interacts with matter Planck's entire formula can arise only from the existence of light quanta -- not from waves. In other words in explaining the photoelectric effect by extending Planck's concept of quantum of energy had Einstein "demonstrated that his own 'light-quantum hypothesis' was implicit in Planck's earlier work" Honner The Description of Nature 31. ALSO included in this volume is "Daz Prinzip von der Erhaltung." The Principle of Conservation of Motion of the Center of Gravity and the Inertia of Energy. In this "ingenious thought experiment involving energy transport in a hollow cylinder Einstein returned to the relationship between inertial mass and energy giving more general arguments for their complete equivalence" Calaprice The Einstein Almanac 18. This was the first statement that the conservation of mass is a special case of the conservation of energy. CONDITION & DETAILS: Leipzig: Barth 1906. Octavo. 8.75 x 6 inches; 222 x 152mm. Ex-libris bearing minimal markings only a small stamp on the title page. Illustration: 6 plates and figures throughout. Entire volume in black cloth gilt-lettered at the spine. The cloth is a bit rubbed and scuffed and there is fading at the spine. Solidly and tightly bound. Bright and clean throughout. Barth hardcover

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Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)Biblio.com

Zur Affinen Feldtheorie. Relativity

192332429Berlin: Berlin: Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften XVIII 1923. First Thus. Soft cover. First Thus. Soft cover. Einstein Albert 1879-1955. Zur affinen Feldtheorie. Offprint from Sitzungsberichten der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1923. XVIII. 8vo.4 137-140 First edition. Orange wrappers. A fine fresh copy in the rare off-print form marked with an asterisk by Weil denoting a major paper "Sonderabdruck" & deemed of sufficient interest that a translation was published in Nature Magazine. "Einstein's attempts to formulate a unified field theory the theoretical framework to account for the fundamental forces of nature. stemmed from his dissatisfaction with the general relativity theory which did not adequately incorporate the electromagnetic field into the geometry of space-time". Einstein's first investigation of Weyl's ideas published in the present paper which Weyl had begun working on in 1918. Weyl was investigating the possibility of constructing a unified field theory preserving the dimensionality of space-time while formally altering its geometry making it a special case of the class known as affine geometries. However Einstein later rejected Weyl's theory. "Weil No. 132; Schilpp--Shields No. 171; Alicke No.113; Norman Library 698; Boni 141. Affine Geometry is not concerned with the notions of circle angle and distance. It's a known dictum that in Affine Geometry all triangles are the same. In this context the word affine was first used by Euler affinis. In modern parlance Affine Geometry is a study of properties of geometric objects that remain invariant under affine transformations mappings. Affine transformations preserve collinearity of points: if three points belong to the same straight line their images under affine transformations also belong to the same line and in addition the middle point remains between the other two points." The early Offprints from "Sitzungsberichten." are called "Sonderabdruck" up to Weil No.165 including this. From Weil 166 they are called "Sonderausgabe.". - Before 161 up to 160 the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical. From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - So Weil Nos 161-165 is still "Abdruck" but with separate title and pagination. Berlin: Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, XVIII unknown

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Einstein

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Zur Einheitlichen Feldtheorie.

THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and General Theory of Relativity

Entwurf einer Landschaft.

Original photograph of Albert Einstein and his wife Elsa on a film set 1931

Über die Entwickelung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung 20: pp.482-500.

The Meaning of Relativity

Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist.

Die Plancksche Theorie Des Strahlung Und Die Theorie Der Spezifischen Warme Pages 180-90 and Uber Die Gultigkeitsgrenze Des Satzes Vom Die Moglichkeit Gleichgewicht Und Die Moglichkeit Einer Neuren Bestimmung Der Elementarquanta Pages 569-72

Two-body problem in general relativity theory"

Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption AND Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie in Annalen der Physik Vol. 20 1906 pp. 199-206; pp. 627-633

Ideas And Opinions

Investigations On The Theory Of The Brownian Movement In Dust Jacket

The Evolution Of Physics The Growth Of Ideas From Early Concepts To Relativity And Quanta

â€œPlancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypotheseâ€ in Zeitschrift fuer Physik vol. 25-26

First Edition of Einstein's Groundbreaking Relativity: The Special and General Theory

Willie Mays: My Life in and Out of Baseball

Demonstration of the Non-Existence of Gravitational Fields with a non-vanishing total Mass free of Singularities.

Über die elektromagnetischen Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper (Fundamental equations of the electromagnetism of moving bodies)" (And same authors:) Über die elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte (Ponderom...

Demonstration of the Non-Existence of Gravitational Fields with a non-vanishing total Mass free of Singularities.

Über die elektromagnetischen Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper Fundamental equations of the electromagnetism of moving bodies; And same authors: Über die elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte Ponderom.

Zur Affinen Feldtheorie. Relativity

Über eine naheliegende Ergänzung des Fundamentes der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.

Fernard Leger sic. i.e. Fernand

The Meaning of Relativity

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